The Sun Also Rises Heroes Essay Example For Students

The Sun Also Rises Heroes Essay The Hemingway Hero Prevalent among many of Ernest Hemingways novels is the concept popularly known as the Hemingway hero, an ideal character readily accepted by American readers as a mans man. In The Sun Also Rises, four different men are compared and contrasted as they engage in some form of relationship with Lady Brett Ashley, anear-nymphomaniac Englishwoman who indulges in her passion for sex and control. Brett plans to marry her fiancee for superficial reasons, completely ruins one man emotionally and spiritually, separates from another to preserve the idea of their short-lived affair and to avoid self-destruction, and denies and disgraces the only man whom she loves most dearly. All her relationships occur in a period of months, as Brett either accepts or rejects certain values or traits of each man. Brett, as a dynamic and self-controlled woman, and her four love interests help demonstrate Hemingways standard definition of a manand/or masculinity. Each man Brett has a relations hip with in the novel possesses distinct qualities that enable Hemingway to explore what it is to truly be a man. The Hemingway man thus presented is a man of action, of self-discipline and self-reliance, and of strength and courage to confront all weaknesses, fears, failures, and even death. We will write a custom essay on The Sun Also Rises Heroes specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Jake Barnes, as the narrator and supposed hero of the novel, fell in love with Brett some years ago and is still powerfully anduncontrollably in love with her. However, Jake is unfortunately a casualty of the war, having been emasculated in a freak accident. Still adjusting to his impotence at the beginning of the novel, Jake has lost all power and desire to have sex. Because of this, Jake and Brett cannot be lovers and all attempts at a relationship that is sexually fulfilling are simply futile. Brett is a passionate, lustful woman who is driven by the most intimate and loving act two may share, something that Jake just cannot provide her with. Jakes emasculation only puts the two in a grandly ironic situation. Brett is an extremely passionate woman but is denied the first man she feels true love and admiration for. Jake has loved Brett for years and cannot have her because of his inability to have sex. It is obvious that their love is mutual when Jake tries to kiss Brett in their cab ride home: You mustnt. You must know. I cant stand it, thats all. Oh darling, please understand!, Dont you love me?, Love you? I simply turn all to jelly when you touch me' (26, Ch. 4). This scene is indicative of their relationship as Jake and Brett hopelessly desire eachother but realize the futility of further endeavors. Together, they have both tried to defy reality, but failed. Jake is frustrated byBretts reappearance into his life and her confession that she is miserably unhappy. Jake asks Brett to go off with him to thecountry for bit: Couldnt we go off in the country for a while?, It wouldnt be any good. Ill go if you like. But I couldnt livequietly in the country. Not with my own true love, I know, Isnt it rotten? There isnt any use my telling you I love you, Youknow I love you, Lets not talk. Talkings all bilge' (55, Ch. 7). Brett declines Jakes pointless attempt at being together. BothBrett and Jake know that any relationship beyond a friendship cannot be pursued. Jak e is still adjusting to his impotence whileBrett will not sacrifice a sexual relationship for the man she loves. Since Jake can never be Bretts lover, they are forced to create a new relationship for themselves, perhaps one far more dangerous than that of mere lovers they have become best friends. This presents a great difficulty for Jake, because Bretts presence is both pleasurable and agonizing for him. Brett constantly reminds him of his handicap and thus Jake is challenged as a man in the deepest, most personal sense possible. After the departure of their first meeting, Jake feels miserable: This was Brett, that I had felt like crying about. Then I thought of her walking up the street and of course in a little while I felt like hell again (34, Ch. 4). Lady Brett Ashley serves as a challenge to a weakness Jake must confront. Since his war experience, Jake has attempted to reshape the man he is and the first step in doing this is to accept his impotence. Despite Bretts undeniable love for Jake, she is engaged to marry another. Mike Campbell is Bretts fiancee, her next planned marriage after two already failed ones. Mike is ridiculously in love with Brett and though she knows this she still decides to marry him. In fact, Brett is only to marry Mike because she is tired of drifting and simply needs an anchor. Mike loves Brett but is not dependent on her affection. Moreover, he knows about and accepts Bretts brief affairs with other men: Mark you. Bretts had affairs with men before. She tells me all about everything' (143, Ch. 13). Mike appreciates Bretts beauty, as do all the other males in the novel, but perhaps this is as deep as his love for her goes. In his first scene in the novel, Mike cannot stop commenting and eliciting comments on Bretts beauty: I say Brett, you are a lovely piece. Dont you think shes beautiful?' (79, Ch. 8). He repeatedly proposes similar questions but does not make any observant or profound comments on his wife-to-be. In fact, throughout the entirety of the novel, Mike continues this pattern, once referring to Brett as just a lovely, healthy wench as his most observant remark. Furthermore, Mike exhibits no self-control when he becomes drunk, making insensitive statements that show his lack of regard for Brett and others. After Brett shows interest in Pedro Romero, the bullfighter, Mike rudely yells: Tell him bulls have no balls! Tell him Brett wants to see him put on those green pants. Tell him Brett is dying to know how he can get into those pants! (176, Ch. 16). In addition, Mike cannot contemplate the complexitiesof Brett and her relationships: Bretts got a bull-fighter. She had a Jew named Cohn, but he turned out badly. Bretts got a bull-fighter. A beautiful, bloody bull-fighter' (206, Ch. 18). Despite Bretts brief affair with the bullfighter, she will eventually return to Mike who will no doubt openly welcome her again. Brett is a strong woman, who can control most men, and Mike is no exception. She vaguely simplifies their relationship when she explains to Jake that she plans to return to him: Hes so damned nice and hes so awful. Hes my sort of thing' (243, Ch. 19). Mike is not complex enough to challenge Brett, but she does go on and decide to accept his simplicity anyways. Furthermore, despite his engagement with Brett, Mike betraysHemingways ideal man. Although he is self-reliant, Mike possesses little self-control or dignity. .u0dc2f61d48b01dbc8d73b0178e5445b7 , .u0dc2f61d48b01dbc8d73b0178e5445b7 .postImageUrl , .u0dc2f61d48b01dbc8d73b0178e5445b7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0dc2f61d48b01dbc8d73b0178e5445b7 , .u0dc2f61d48b01dbc8d73b0178e5445b7:hover , .u0dc2f61d48b01dbc8d73b0178e5445b7:visited , .u0dc2f61d48b01dbc8d73b0178e5445b7:active { border:0!important; } .u0dc2f61d48b01dbc8d73b0178e5445b7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0dc2f61d48b01dbc8d73b0178e5445b7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0dc2f61d48b01dbc8d73b0178e5445b7:active , .u0dc2f61d48b01dbc8d73b0178e5445b7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0dc2f61d48b01dbc8d73b0178e5445b7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0dc2f61d48b01dbc8d73b0178e5445b7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0dc2f61d48b01dbc8d73b0178e5445b7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0dc2f61d48b01dbc8d73b0178e5445b7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0dc2f61d48b01dbc8d73b0178e5445b7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0dc2f61d48b01dbc8d73b0178e5445b7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0dc2f61d48b01dbc8d73b0178e5445b7 .u0dc2f61d48b01dbc8d73b0178e5445b7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0dc2f61d48b01dbc8d73b0178e5445b7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Romeo And Juliet: Various Types of Love Essay Engaged to one man and in love with another, Brett demonstrates her disregard for the 1920s double standards. Very early in the beginning of the novel, she reveals to Jake that she had invited Robert Cohn to go with her on a trip to San Sebastian. Cohn, a Jewish, middle-aged writer disillusioned with his life in Paris, wants to escape to South America where he envisions meeting the ebony princesses he romanticized from a book. However, he cannot persuade Jake to accompany him and then completely forgets about this idea upon meeting Brett. Cohn is immediately enamored with her beauty and falls in love with her: Theres a certain quality about her, a certain fineness. She seems to be absolutely fine and straight' (38, Ch. 5). Cohn is immature in his idealization of Bretts beauty, as he falls in love at first sight. Furthermore, like an adolescent, he attempts tosatisfy his curiosity about Brett by asking Jake numerous questions about her. After Cohn and Bretts short-lived affair in San Sebastian, Cohn is nervous around Jake: Cohn had been rather nervous ever since we had met at Bayone. He did not know whether we knew Brett had been with him at San Sebastian, and it made him rather awkward (94, Ch. 10). Moreover, Cohn is scared that when Brett appears she will embarrass him and so he does not have the maturity to behave appropriately in front of Jake and his friend, Bill Gorton. Nonetheless, Cohn is proud of his affair with Brett and believes that this conquest makes him a hero. When Brett appears with her fiancee Mike, Cohn still believes that they are destined for an ideal love despite her blatant coldness to him. However, it is apparent that Brett simply used Cohn tosatisfy her sexual cravings: He behaved rather well' (83, Ch. 9). Cohn does not understand the triviality of their trip to San Sebastian in Bretts mind and has become dependent on her attention and affection. In his rampant drunkenness, Mike blasts Cohn : What if Brett did sleep with you? Shes slept with lots of better people than you. Tell me Robert,. Why do you follow Brett around like a poor bloody steer? Dont you know youre not wanted?' (143, Ch. 13). Cohn is like an adolescent, as he vainly ignores the truth and continues to love Brett: He could not stop looking at Brett. It seemed to make him happy. It must have been pleasant for him to see her looking so lovely, and know he had been away with her and that every one knew it. They couldnt take that away from him (146, Ch. 13). Cohn over-exaggerates the significance of his affair with Brett. He does not understand that Brett simply used him and that their brief relationship has no meaning to her. Moreover, Cohn cannot conducthimself with dignity and he intrudes upon people and places where he is obviously not wanted. Naively, Cohn dwells on the fact that he has slept with Brett and obsesses with her. When Brett begins to show signs of interest in Pedro Romero, Cohn irrationally approaches Jake demanding to know Bretts whereabouts, punches him in the jaw, and then calls him a pimp (190-91, Ch. 17). Later that night he encounters Pedro and Brett together in their hotel room. His actions of knocking Pedro down repeatedly until he eventually tires demonstrate a divergence from his character. Cohn for the first time takes some action in what he feels, rather than merely thinking about it or complaining about it. However, despite his persistence, Pedro does not remain down according to Mike: The bull-fighter fellow was rather good. He didnt say much, buthe kept getting up and getting knocked down again. Cohn couldnt knock him out' (202, Ch. 17). Eventually, Cohn gives up on this pursuit, is knocked twice by Pedro, and loses his battle for Brett. These events show that Cohns boxing skills, a defense me chanism that he once used in college, will no longer pull him out of rough situations. Cohn fails to show the strength and courage needed to face the circumstances like a man. .ud7f25170faf84ef7b236742601be3bd5 , .ud7f25170faf84ef7b236742601be3bd5 .postImageUrl , .ud7f25170faf84ef7b236742601be3bd5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud7f25170faf84ef7b236742601be3bd5 , .ud7f25170faf84ef7b236742601be3bd5:hover , .ud7f25170faf84ef7b236742601be3bd5:visited , .ud7f25170faf84ef7b236742601be3bd5:active { border:0!important; } .ud7f25170faf84ef7b236742601be3bd5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud7f25170faf84ef7b236742601be3bd5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud7f25170faf84ef7b236742601be3bd5:active , .ud7f25170faf84ef7b236742601be3bd5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud7f25170faf84ef7b236742601be3bd5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud7f25170faf84ef7b236742601be3bd5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud7f25170faf84ef7b236742601be3bd5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud7f25170faf84ef7b236742601be3bd5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud7f25170faf84ef7b236742601be3bd5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud7f25170faf84ef7b236742601be3bd5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud7f25170faf84ef7b236742601be3bd5 .ud7f25170faf84ef7b236742601be3bd5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud7f25170faf84ef7b236742601be3bd5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Tok Reflection: the Mouse Who Ate the Cheese Essay Pedro Romero, on the other hand, comes closest to the embodiment of Hemingways hero. Brett is almost immediately enchanted by this handsome, nineteen-year-old, a promising matador. Pedro, a fearless figure who frequently confronts death in his occupation, is not afraid in the bullring and controls the bulls like a master. Pedro is the first man since Jake who causes Brett to lose her self-control: I cant help it. Im a goner now, anyway. Dont you see the difference? Ive got to do something. Ive got to do something I really want to do. Ive lost my self-respect (183, Ch. 16). In contrast, Pedro maintains his self-control in h is first encounter with Brett: He felt there was something between them. He must have felt it when Brett gavehim her hand. He was being very careful (185, Ch. 16). Brett falls in love with Pedro as a hero who promises new excitement. In the scene between Pedro and Cohn described previously, Pedro demonstrates his confidence and strong will. Knocked down time and time again, Pedro rises each time refusing to be beaten. His controlled and dignified demeanor in an unusual situation contrast sharply with Cohns fear and weakness. Soon Pedro and Brett run off together but when he demands too much from her, Brett asks him to leave. He was ashamed of me for a while, you know. He wanted me to grow my hair out. He said it would make me more womanly. In addition, Pedro really wanted to marry Brett because he wanted to make it sure could never go away from him' (242, Ch. 19). Pedro will not compromise his expectations for a woman and will not accommodate Bretts character even though he loves her. In his affair with Brett, he has performed according to his rules and when he discovers that his ideals are impossible for Brett toaccept, he leaves willingly. Pedro has been left untainted by Brett, sustaining his strong-willed, correct behavior. Moreover, Pedro leaves without sulking like Cohn or whining like Mike. Bretts acceptance or rejection of particular qualities in each of the four men she becomes involved with help define Hemingways male hero. Mike is not dependent on Brett but does not maintain his dignity and self-discipline in his drunken sloppiness. Cohn is a complaining, weak, accommodating adolescent who has little understanding of others or himself. Pedro is the near perfect embodiment of strength, courage, and confidence. Jake is the lesser version of this perfection as the hero of the novel. Hence, Hemingways ideal hero is self-controlled, self-reliant, and fearless. He is a man of action and he does not, under any circumstances, compromise his beliefs or standards. Jake, as the supposed hero of the novel, is challenged by his emasculation in the deepest sense possible, because the traditionalways in which masculinity are defined are insufficient and impossible for him. Jake needs the strength and courage to confront his impotence because he has not yet adjusted to this weakness. It is ironic that Cohn, a character least like the Hemingway man, has slept with Brett while Jake will never be able to accomplish this feat. However, because Cohn so inadequately fulfills the roles of a true man, Hemingway implies that the sexual conquest of a woman does not alone satisfy the definition of masculinity. Nevertheless, Jake fails to fulfill other requisites of the Hemingway man as he deviates from his own ethical standards. Jakesees that Brett is mesmerized by Pedros skillful control and extraordinary handsomeness and recognizes the possibility of furnishing her carnal desires with the most perfect specimen of manhood that he can offer in place of himself. Jake thus betraysthe aficionados of Pamplona and the trust of a long-time friend, Montoya, who fear that this rising star may be ruined by women. Thus, regardless of his physical impotence, Jakes true weakness is the impotence of his will and the supposed hero of the novel is flawed due to his failure to adhere to what he believes is right and wrong. Hemingway thus refrains from presenting a true hero in his novel. With the absence of a leading male ideal, Hemingway betrays the larger socio-cultural assumptions about men and masculinity and questions the conventional means in which they are defined in his society.

A Separate Piece Narration

A Separate Piece Narration Free Online Research Papers In the book A Separate Piece the first person narration helps to understand the story and everything that happens in it. The point of view of the story shows how Gene thinks and how much of a static character he is. It also helps people understand Genes reasoning for all that he does in the story and especially what he does to Finny. It also makes people wonder about the thoughts of other characters and why they do what they do. If it were written in third person the story would be extremely dull compared to the first person and it would lead people to think gene is less crazy than he really is. First person shows People how Gene thinks and how his thoughts constantly change throughout the story. Gene is extremely self-conscious and scared of what other people think of him, especially what Finny thinks of him. In the beginning of the story Gene thinks that Finny is out to get him because Finny keeps distracting him from his work and intern is trying to make him fail his school work so Finny can be better in athletics and academics. â€Å"He minded, despised the possibility that I might be the head of the School,† are Genes thoughts on the matter. Because of this when they are up in the tree Gene decides to make Finny fall on an impulse reaction. â€Å"Holding firmly to the trunk, I took a step toward him, and then my knees bent and I jounced the limb,† were Gene’s thoughts when he made Finny fall. This shows that Gene is crazy but he gets worse. Then Gene immediately changes his mind about Finny and decides that Finny wasn’t out to get him but he just wanted to have fun and that his decision was extremely idiotic and wrong. Gene doesn’t understand why Finny is always denying that there is a war and that gene pushed him out of the tree. It keeps people wondering until the very end because Gene was wondering as well. If it were written in third person it would tell people right off the bat that Finny doesn’t want to except that there is a war or that Gene pushed him out of the tree. It would not be a big deal in third person but in first person it shows how big it really is and not until people have really thought about it and wondered about all of the reasons that Finny is in denial. First person makes the book a lot better because of the way it makes people wonder. If the story were written in third person Gene’s actions might not seem so unreasonable when they really are. Instead of saying, â€Å"I would have an A in that class except for him,† it would say something along the lines of, â€Å"Gene was mad at Finny and thought he was trying to sabotage his academics.† It also makes the book longer because Genes thoughts are deep and complex and explain in detail everything that pops into Genes head. If it were in third person Genes thought would be short and summed up in a few words and it would be boring with someone other than Gene telling Gene’s thoughts. The first person in the book effects it largely. It shows people Gene’s reasoning and how much of a crazy static character he is. It also helps realize the reasoning for Finny’s denial and it does it in more depth than it would in third person. If it were written in third person then the book would not show all of the problems that Gene has and thinks he has. It would also be a lot less interesting in third person than it is in first person. The book is great in first person and should stay that way because in third person it would be a lot more boring than it is in first person. This is why the book is better in first person. Research Papers on A Separate Piece NarrationGenetic EngineeringTrailblazing by Eric AndersonThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsMind TravelHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XHip-Hop is ArtEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenCapital PunishmentWhere Wild and West Meet

Factors that Limit School Effectiveness

Factors that Limit School Effectiveness Districts, schools, administrators, and teachers are continuously in the spotlight and rightfully so. Educating our youth is an essential part of our national infrastructure. Education has such a profound impact on society as a whole that those responsible for educating should receive extra attention. These people should be celebrated and championed for their efforts. However, the reality is that education as a whole is looked down upon and often mocked. There are so many factors beyond any one person’s control that can strip school effectiveness. The truth is that the majority of teachers and administrators do the best they can with what they are given. Each school is different. There are schools that unquestionably have more limiting factors than others when it comes to the overall effectiveness. There are several factors that many schools deal with on a daily basis that strip school effectiveness. Some of these factors can be controlled, but all will likely never entirely go away. Poor Attendance Attendance matters. A teacher cannot possibly do their job if a student is not there. While a student can do the makeup work, it is likely that they learn less than they would have by being there for the original instruction. Absences add up quickly. A student who misses an average of ten school days a year will have missed an entire school year by the time they graduate high school. Poor attendance severely limits a both a teacher’s overall effectiveness and a student’s learning potential. Poor attendance plagues schools across the country. Excessive Tardiness/Leaving Early Excessive tardiness can be hard to get under control. For elementary and junior high/middle school students, it is difficult to hold them accountable when it their parent’s responsibility to get them to school on time. Junior high/middle school and high school students who have transition time between classes have multiple opportunities to be tardy each day. All of this time can quickly add up. It minimizes effectiveness in two ways. First a student who is routinely tardy misses a lot of class when you add up all that time. It also disrupts the teacher and student each time a student comes in tardy. Students who routinely leave early also minimize the effectiveness in the same way. Many parents believe that teachers do not teach the first fifteen minutes of the day and the last fifteen minutes of the day. However, all of this time adds up, and it will have an impact on that student. Schools have a set start time and a set end time. They expect their teachers to be teaching, and their students to be learning from the first bell until the last bell. Parents and students who do not respect that help strip school effectiveness. Student Discipline Dealing with discipline issues is a fact of life for teachers and administrators for every school. Each school faces different types and levels of discipline issues. However, the fact remains that all discipline issues disrupt the flow of a class and take valuable class time away for all students involved. Each time a student is sent to the principal’s office it takes away from learning time. This interruption in learning increases in cases where suspension is warranted. Student discipline issues occur on a daily basis. These continual disruptions do limit a school’s effectiveness. Schools can create policies that are rigid and strict, but they will likely never be able to eliminate discipline issues altogether. Lack of Parental Support Teachers will tell you that those students whose parents attend every parent teacher conference are often the ones whom they do not need to see. This is one small correlation between parental involvement and student success. Those parents who believe in education, push their kids at home, and support their child’s teacher give their child a better opportunity to succeed academically. If schools had 100% of parents who did those three things listed above, we would see a surge in academic success in schools across the country. Unfortunately, this is not the case for many children in our schools today. Many parents do not value education, do not do anything with their child at home, and only send them to school because they have to or because they view it as free baby sitting. Lack of Student Motivation Give a teacher a group of motivated students and you have a group of students in which the academic sky is the limit. Unfortunately, many students these days are not motivated to go to school to learn. Their motivation to go to school comes from being at school because they have to, participating in extra-curricular activities, or hanging out with their friends. Learning should be the number one motivation for all students, but it is rare when a student goes to school primarily for that purpose. Poor Public Perception The school used to be the focal point of every community. Teachers were respected and looked at to be pillars of society. Today there is a negative stigma associated with schools and teachers. This public perception has an impact on the job that a school can do. When people and the community talk negatively about a school, administrator, or teacher it undermines their authority and makes them less effective. Communities that support their school wholeheartedly have schools that are more effective. Those communities who do not provide support will have schools that are less effective than they could be. Lack of Funding Money is a crucial aspect when it comes to school success. Money affects key issues including class size, programs offered, curriculum, technology, professional development, etc. Each of these can have a profound effect on student success. When there are educational budget cuts, the quality of education each child receives will be affected. These budget cuts limit a school’s effectiveness. It does require a significant monetary investment to adequately educate our students. If cuts are made teachers and schools will figure a way out to make do with what they have, but their effectiveness will be influenced in some way by those cuts. Too Much Testing The overemphasis of standardized testing is limiting schools in their approach to education. Teachers have been forced to teach to the tests. This has led to a lack of creativity, an inability to implement activities which address real life issues, and has taken authentic learning experiences away in virtually every classroom. Due to the high stakes associated with these assessments teachers and students believe all their time should be devoted to preparing and taking tests. This has had a negative impact on school effectiveness and is an issue that schools will find it difficult to overcome. Lack of Respect Education used to be a well respected profession. That respect has increasingly disappeared. Parents no longer take a teachers word on a matter that occurred in class. They talk terribly about their child’s teacher at home. Students do not listen to teachers in class. They can be argumentative, rude, and discourteous. Some of the blame in a case like this falls on the teacher, but students should have been raised to be respectful to adults in all cases. A lack of respect undermines a teacher’s authority, minimizing, and often zeroing out their effectiveness in the classroom. Bad Teachers A bad teacher and particularly a group of incompetent teachers can derail a school’s effectiveness quickly. Every student who has a poor teacher has the potential to fall behind academically. This problem has a trickle down effect in that it makes the next teacher’s job that much harder. Like any other profession there are those who should not have chosen teaching as a career. They simply are not cut out to do it. It is essential that administrators make quality hires, evaluate teachers thoroughly, and remove teachers quickly which do not live up to the school’s expectations.

Proposal for Exec Hotels for Business Improvement Essay

Proposal for Exec Hotels for Business Improvement - Essay Example However, the costs associated with a new focus on tourism business are currently beyond the company’s capabilities. It has been determined that renewed local marketing is the best methodology to ensure revenue growth outside of the London centre of operations. 2. The business case Occupancy rates at hotels in Europe have seen stability in the last few years, with an average rate of 63 percent in London (Carlson Wagonlit, 2011). However, many European capitals are being hit hard currently with the economic global downturn, therefore the business should focus on its local business and presence (brand reputation) in the United Kingdom rather than expanding abroad. The company staff and executive leadership team are currently well-versed in local UK cultures, values and systems and by remaining in the UK for expansion, it will avoid the high costs of training and human resources restructuring for other European countries. The goal is to improve occupancy rates during the weekend where business is the most incapacitated, however the challenge to Exec Hotels is ensuring a method to fill weekend rooms without focusing on the new tourism market. This can be accomplished by staying true to the current values and operational know-how that currently exists in the UK marketplace. 3. The methodology for revenue improvements Competitive advantage for medium-sized hotels lays specifically in market innovation practices (Lin & Wu, 2008).

Smith and Marx in Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Smith and Marx in Economics - Essay Example In his economic theory he focused largely on issues relating to labour and power, while Smith focused on capital and freedom. A significant number of people think that Adam Smith invented economics when he published The Wealth of Nations in 1776. In it, Smith wrote about how wealth is generated from both labour and land, and how this generation of wealth can lead to higher living standards and productivity. Accumulated wealth is capital that can be reinvested and yielf further dividends. The accumulation of wealth was a good thing; it was especially encouraged in systems that permitted free trade. Free trade permitted goods and services to be exchanged without tariffs. The main advantage of this was that it allowed people who had different items at their disposal to obtain things they needed. He wrote about the market’s â€Å"invisible hand.† This is an illustration that suggests that the market knows best, as it is the accumulation of peoples' desires. It is most famou sly summed up by Smith as follows: â€Å"It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest. We address ourselves, not to their humanity but to their self-love, and never talk to them of our own necessities but of their advantages† (26-7). ... [T]his produce †¦ bears a greater or smaller proportion to the number of those who are to consume it †¦ .[B]ut this proportion must in every nation be regulated by two different circumstances; first, by the skill, dexterity, and judgement with which its labor is generally applied; and, secondly, by the proportion between the number of those who are employed in useful labour, and that of those who are not so employed (Smith, 10). His insight into 18th century economics was remarkable at the time. But hindsight makes Smith's contribution especially impressive as it resulted in political freedom and a remarkable generation of wealth. This was in direct contrast to the work of Marx, which led to misery and death. Smith's work was picked up great economists such as Frederick Hayek and Milton Freedman to argue for freer markets and more private ownership. Today the Wealth of Nations is considered a foundational text and Smith, who was cited frequently in his own day, is considere d one of the greatest economists (Campbell, et al, 7). Throughout the 19th century a number of economists took up Smith's work and added to it; but the greatest economist of that century was surely the German Karl Marx. His influence on world history was tremendous. His work was very different than Smith's. He focused on the unfairness inherent in the capitalistic system and felt that only labour was valuable. He felt that workers were being oppressed by employers and that they should rise up and form a new ruling class. Revolutionaries around the world took up his ideas in the 20th century to disastrous effect.

Culture debasing Essay Example for Free

Culture debasing Essay The mass media is constantly around us, through newspapers and magazines, the internet, television and film etc. these are used by us everyday in our spare time and academic work. So are we influenced by this form of secondary socialisation in our lives to create a mass culture? And does this mass culture debase ordinary culture? In this essay I will use secondary research and my own opinion to answer this question. The media itself plays a big part in creating images through the way they report and advertise consumer products and moral panics. I feel that the type of media presentation demonstrated influences different subcultures into believing that what they are seeing is true, hence the change in their attitudes to different topics, music and fashion. Especially young people today can be nai ve and believe everything they see or hear on television or the internet, which could cause primary socialisation to change for the children, because of these views. This mass culture, I believe could destroy and make an ordinary culture into extinction through too much influence of babble and consumer products on television. Although you could ask what is ordinary and normal? Normal does not have a clear definition; as no one is completely normal, but ordinary seems to be defined as routine or customary, so an ordinary culture is considered the norm way of living. So what is mass culture? An extra- ordinary way people live, or is it a negative perception of some peoples choice of life? By using the textbook seventh edition Sociology Themes and Perspectives. I found that the development of the media was debasing the culture of ordinary people, which could cause problems for western societies. This comment could back up my opinion of a negative effect of media through a mass culture which could destroy the traditional thoughts and practices of western life. Dwight Macdonald had a theory about mass culture. He claimed that mass culture was very different from high culture and folk art. He states that mass culture is standardized and a commercial kitsch (popular culture which could be considered worthless) used by business to create a profit. This shows that Macdonald as well as I believe that mass culture is kitsch- worthless babble used to sell products, which also influences or brainwashes people into believing that anything merchandised is right or sick as teenagers of today say. Dwight also stated that mass culture takes less mental effort and that it tended to undermine high culture. So basically he is saying that mass culture is maybe for a different class of person.

Comparing In Search of Our Mothers Gardens and I Know Why the Caged Bi

In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens and I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings      Ã‚  Ã‚   Alice Walker and Maya Angelou are two contemporary African-American writers.   Although almost a generation apart in age, both women display a remarkable similarity in their lives.   Each has written about her experiences growing up in the rural South, Ms. Walker through her essays and Ms. Angelou in her autobiographies.   Though they share similar backgrounds, each has a unique style which gives to us, the readers, the gift of their exquisite humanity, with all of its frailties and strengths, joys and sorrows.    Tragedy struck both of these women at the age of eight.   Ms. Walker lost her sight in one eye.   Ms. Angelou was raped.   Each described the incident as part of a larger work.   Ms. Walker related her experience in the body of an essay published in her book, In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens.   Ms. Angelou told her story as a chapter in her autobiography, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings.   Although both wrote about their traumatic experience, the way each depicted the incident was distinct and seemed to be told for very different purposes.    Alice Walker reports the facts to the reader with short sentences written in the present tense.   She chooses words which elicit a forceful emotional response from her audience.   For example, in telling how her brothers were given BB guns and she was not, Ms. Walker writes, "Because I am a girl, I do not get a gun.   Instantly, I am relegated to the position of Indian."   The word "relegated" causes the reader to be irate and indignant.   Most people do not like being "relegated" to anything.   Another illustration of Ms. Walker's use of dynamic words can be found in her descrip... ...e with their help.    Alice Walker and Maya Angelou are both extremely courageous writers.   From each we receive a rare and poignant gift.   As her book suggests, Alice Walker challenges us to search for resolution in the face of loneliness and despair.   Maya Angelou, who "knows why the caged bird sings," reminds us that loneliness and despair never have the last word.   She gently points us to a window of hope.   Both women bless us with shades of being human. Works Cited: Angelou, Maya. I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings. New York: Bantam, 1993. Draper, James P., ed., et al. Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol. 77. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1993. Walker, Alice.   "In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens." Major Modern Essayists. Second Edition.   Ed. Gilbert H. Muller with Alan F. Crooks.   Englewood Cliffs:   Prentice Hall, 1994. 329-337.   

The Complexity of the Health Care System

The Complexities of the Health Care System and its Future With all that is before us as a society of human beings, health care is far reaching and of the highest attribute next to our existence. Without proper health care life becomes a hollow existence. We push through each day with painful thoughts about life, or what we think we know about it. While we focus on negative feelings of weakness and doom, wishing for better days. Always hoping for a peace that we know will never come in this life without our health. Health care is something everyone is not privilege to have. Billions of people around the world are suffering everyday from lack of proper health care. Unfortunately many have no idea what it is to be healthy, or what it feels like to feel good. They have no idea they are sick, all they know is that they exist. To be numb is what they know, how unfortunate. Here in America, most people know what it is to have a feeling of health, to feel good, mentally, physically and to some extent spiritually. With the existing health care system many are feeling the pains of being sick, no longer able to exist with that feel good spirit. Suffering is becoming the norm, filled with depression more often than not because of their failing health. Not being able to afford adequate health care, which is now far out of their reach, mainly because they can not afford it. They no longer have the health coverage they once had, now having to rely on aide and assistance that is not guaranteed. Their existence is now in the hands of the politicians, government agencies and advocates who now speak for them. We are slowly losing because of the quality of health care that has become a commodity for those who can afford it. Unfortunately everyone is not always entitled to life saving health care with the current system of health care. Can that person who is mentally ill walking the street get adequate health care? What about the homeless person without a place to lay their head at night. Where has quality health care gone, or did we ever really have it? Is there any hope for our future health care system? Although the hospital is of the most appreciated and unfortunately the most maligned and least understood institution in the U. S. ociety, with great regret, the present complexities of the United States health care system will unfortunately and inevitably affect the quality of future health care While the hospital and health care system is one that is very much needed, the maligned and misunderstanding interferes with its nobility. How is it that we live in the 21 century, and have major misunderstanding which we are experiencing within our health care system here in the United State? With all the sta keholders within the U. S. health care industry, it is no wonder we are now facing the complex dilemma in our current health care system. Due to the benchmark developments in U. S. health care, we are now at a standstill with problematic issues. The major influences with the advances and other changes are factors causing the complexities we are facing. With the legislative, political, economical, as well as organizational and professional influences, the once noble stature of the health care industry is now compromised greatly. Unfortunately the ill effects of medical education, technological advances, with rising cost along with changing population demographics, the American values are now being affected. Our major health care institutions – medical schools, groups of specialist physicians, general hospitals, and research organizations – have together overshot the level of patients care actually needed or used by the vast majority of patients: (Christensen, Bohmer, and Kenagy 2000). Our nation spends over 17% of its gross domestic product (GDP) on health care, but does not have the quality of other compared nations no where near that number. Looking back at the history of health care, the puzzling affects of the present out come is all but shocking to most Americans (Sultz, and Young, 2011). Being a $2. 5 trillion dollar industry, medical care is becoming unreachable for many Americans. What has caused this industry to skyrocket is more so due much to independent medical practices and partnership with provider organization, public and nonprofit institutions such as hospitals, nursing homes and other specialized care facilities: along with major private corporations. Dating back to the early American hospitals, they served a different purpose from those of today’s hospitals. Sheltering older adults, the dying, orphans, and vagrants, there purpose was to protect the inhabitants of its community from the contagiously sick and the dangerously insane. It seems there has always been a strained relationship between patients and the hospital, and hospital personnel. The need for information, comfort, and human contact is and has been a common complaint which is rooted in the overall history of medical care. With so much with its history, health care grew from a basket of issues which has now lossomed into what we see today as complex, from doctors and patients, to a personnel of nurses, aides, technicians, and the therapists, along with other hospital staff. With all this complexity and chaos, the once noble attributes of the health care profession has lost most of its qualities’ to misunderstandings and purpose. Malpractice is not an unknown word to the American public, and it is fundamentally correlated to a failure on the part of the physician. Malpra ctice is just one element that indicates patient mistrust in physician disclosure. Patients have turned to other sources and taken more responsibility upon themselves because of evidence or fear that their physician is giving them incomplete information, resulting in an increased number of second opinions being sought and increased referencing of secondary sources. Patient responsibility has increased because of physician failure to disclose the inherent misunderstanding of uncertainty on the part of the patient (Henry, 2006)’ While quality health care is of great importance to our society, the problems within the health care system, unfortunately supersedes the quality for patient care. Is the problem within the health care system which is something that can be resolved, or will it being unsolvable for any administration to fix. Quality health care has been interrupted for reasons that baffle most Americans. Not being able to understand the any reason we as a country can not work this major issue with health care to some balance. Since the government stepped into health care, the door has been left open for many other mandates to enter. In spite of the history of the hospital, the need for quality care has been paramount, dating as far back as the early 19th century. Hospitals were noted for being disgraceful, dirty, unventilated, and the lack of medical care was a real issue for quality health care, these issues were not publicly known. The quality at this time was very bad, which lead to the need for some type of health care reform, with hope to bring about a better quality of health care. Families that could obtain home medical or nursing care shunned hospitals, with this quality health care came about mostly through religious order. With its deplorable conditions, hospital care in early America was more of charity and public responsibility. With all the negative attributes surrounding the hospital environment, physicians saw the need to separate patients accordingly. This was the time the hospital was given its name. As rewarding as it may have seemed, the physicians had their own motives for why they did what they did. The now transformed hospital from the simple, charitable institutions to the complex, technical organizations was sparked by a parallel growth of private hospital insurance. Many of the sources that shaped the hospital industry varied from health insurance to the beginning of Medicare and Medicaid, bringing the legislative contribution to its fiscal well-being. With the increase of hospitals there also came the business of health care. The quality of health car came into question. With the hospital now becoming big business, all areas of its administration came into scrutiny. These problems began to supersede the quality of patient care. In deed without proper health care, our society would suffer a greater loss than it has. Proper health care is necessary for any society to thrive. Having the legal, ethical and regulatory aspects are important for its well being. The necessary financial systems and the impact on access to service are also required to bring about the quality as delivery. Many people may ask what proper health care is. Is there such a thing, and who would be entitle to proper health care that is a question that has yet to be answered and still debated over, causing much unrest and chaos. Being the many viewpoints about health care brings about the subjectivity of its true purpose. With the evolution and development of the present complex health care system, its development has come from sources due to an evolution of vary complicated issues. The current health care system along with poor management, has added to its history of strained development. With so much to say about the history of the now complex health care system, libraries could be built to hold its books. The early years of health care was challenged with mind sets as well s the stigma of those who needed medical attention. With the understanding of the characteristics and organization, along with the major private and governmental insurance initiatives, is an important factor which largely contributed to the centrality of hospitals within the health care system. Being there are diverse functions in the hospital, its’ staff and mostly management, add not only to the strain but the complexity with health care. The importance of patient care is being compromise with quality due to the battle within the system. The relationship between staff and patents suffers greatly with the pressures that are mandate by management. With all this being said, patients have a responsibility as well to the outcome of their treatment and patient care. The patient rights are known to have been violated from the early history of patient care. As the evolution and development of the health care system grew form its noble purpose, the conglomeration of the many stakeholders has contributed to lost trust with all aspects of this complex system in health care. When one speaks about the quality of care in hospitals, major debates often develop based on its interpretation of what quality is, and how it should be delivered. Health care has turned into a business platform that has much concern as to its promised future of adequate patient care. The question arises; can quality care be given within health care reform. Much is said to the fact that just because one has insurance does not equate to health care access. Access to a waiting list is not health care. When patients are denied access to a doctor or practitioner then it becomes incomplete health care. With the comparison to other countries health care system, come the question, why those of us who live in a wealthy country, suffers from inadequate health care. This also is a major focus point that is being argued. Some of the argument surrounds the issues of primary care and what does it Intel along with who should provide primary care versus specialty care. Of course it has been stated that Americans will never accept a system like they have in Canada or the U. K. Unfortunately patients become the victims of competition. Hospitals do not have patients; doctors have patients, referring them to the hospital of their choosing. Many of the complex issues have evolved form mismanagement of what health care, patient care, and the adequate structuring of the hospital is meant to be. Over the years of its development much has been misinterpreted as to the healthy organization of its purpose. The quality of care now provided in hospitals is so much in question that the many patients fear they will not receive the care they need. More so they are no longer view as human beings with needs, but number and dollars. These are only some of the many reasons why there is a need for health care reform which would enforce and influence hospital economics, service patterns and provider relationships. According to an article written by James Morone, The health care reforms that President Barack Obama signed into law in March 2010 had been in the making seventy-five years since Franklin D. Roosevelt. U. S . presidents has struggled to enact national health care reform: unfortunately most failed. The article explored the highly charged political landscape in which Obama maneuvered and the skills he brought to bear. It contrasts his accomplishments with the experiences of his oval office predecessors. Going forward, implementation poses formidable challenges for democrats, republicans, and the political process itself (Morone 2010 1). Adding to the development and mismanagement is a process swarming with special interest that has been noted to be powered by big money. Being that the anxiety is so overwhelming with the formatting of adequate health care; no management of reform can be administered without a deep investment. Being noted that president Obama demonstrated a care for health care reform that far exceeds his cool demeanor suggests. President Franklin D. Roosevelt knew e would not be able to get national health care insurance through congress unless he took the idea to the people first. He flirted with making health care his nest great political crusade as World War II came to an end. A plan was being prepared by his advisers, but unfortunately he died before the end of the war. The health reform effort fell into the hands of President Harry Truman, and every subsequent president. Only until the recent victory of President Obama in the health care reform did one president succeed in their efforts to accomplish some aspect of health care. President Lyndon Johnson managed to enact major new health care programs, in the form of Medicare and Medicaid (Morone 2010. 2). The now health care reform enacted by President Obama is viewed by many, mostly democrats as a historic achievement. In spite of the victory that is said to be in order, many still argue the factors involved. The comparisons of other countries are still being used to compare factors with the focus on health care systems. With physicians believing they are the ones to judge the quality of hospital medical care adds to the issues involving health care management. Among so many other components that foster the ever evolving cycle of health care management brings about major concerns. With mismanaged health care, future health care will surely suffer the cost. S often we look to solutions to fix major problems within our society, and yet we continue to add more hard to understand perplexing uncertainties than we started with. Within the health care system which dates back to the beginning of what seemed to be simple compliances to health care issues, are now multiplex issues. These issues have grabbed the attention of not only the government sector, but political entities that now govern the health care industries with long term care being the main agenda. With health care, and many factors influencing the increasing demand for long term care service in the changing demographics, along with technology, major changes are being anticipated. Unfortunately it has come to a point where the increased scrutiny within the federal and state government sectors of the finance involving issues are before congress. The major mismanagement in health care, are real and troubling concerns to most Americans, especially those who are being affected by new polices and mandates. Long-term care historically began as an in home environment with almshouses and sanitariums. After the great depression and post WWI, citizens decided to run small nursing homes in order to pay mortgages and find an income source. Not until the 1950s when government grants spurned development of the nursing home sector, did the boom in the industry occurred. The next large impact in long term care would come in the 1960s with the advent of Medicare and Medicaid reimbursements (Sultz and Young, 2011). Long term care is rally a term that defines a wide array of services, within, but not limited to skilled nursing facilities, nursing homes, continual care, assisted living, home health; hospice, respite care, and others are termed long term care. This allows the industry to respond to the individuals needs of the person requiring the services and match their level of independence or dependence with an environment most suitable conducive to their potential (Sultz and Young 2011). With the future goal of long term care being to reduce waste and become more efficient in order to provide quality care and incentives for operational responsibility, and customer service, there must be available the push to move the market forward. There are still many barriers that we face before this end is met, before we can compare and contrast the past history of long term health care, which of course will be a challenge that hopefully will take us into a future health care system that will provide all the necessary amenities that will produce the ideal health care system desired. Knowing that is far from coming, all we can do is promote the best possible manage care without the barriers that have existed. With retrospect to the similarities of Canada and the United States, the two countries had similar health care systems. However, since passage of the Canada Health Act in the 1970s, that nations health statistics have become increasingly superior. Canada’s health care system costs are higher by international standards, hey are much lower than U. S. cost. The factors most likely to be responsible for Canada’s better health care at a lower cost would be: universal financial coverage through a so called single payer features conducive to a strong primary infrastructure, and provincial autonomy under general principles set by national law (Starfield 2010). Although old enough to have become stable, Canada’s health reform efforts are relatively recent. This being in contrast to the historical foots of health systems in many western industrialized countries. The provincially based Canadian health care system, limited private insurance, public insurance plans, practices and health centers, cost, care seeking, availability of technology, and use of service. These areas are among the more prominent features that bring Canada’s health system to the front. With Canada’s experiences it shows how these critical features of the health system can be achieved in the context of a federal structure with decentralized administrative control. Although Canada has achieved better, or what appears to be a better health level than the United States, which it has for many decades, the gap has widened overtime, following the development of the different provincial plans that culminated in national legislation in the early 1970s (Starfield, 2010). What this is leading to is: if, the health care system continues to demonstrate gross mismanagement, and if the political dominance that is now existing, with the unsuccessful organizational structure it has, the inevitable outcome is more than likely to happen. The quality of future health care will suffer greatly. With so much at sake with our system of health care, the future quality of health care will be jeopardized without recourse. If reform is not properly implemented given all the information that has been provided, needed a stable health care system is only a wish. Many questions are still unanswered as to the reform necessary to provide quality patient health for the future. According to the article Health spending in the United States and the rest of the industrialized world, a cycle of unsustainable spending growth followed by fervent cost containment initiatives has been a regular feature of the health care landscape for the past half-century (Anderson, Hussey, Froger and waters, 2005). In conclusion, with health care being one of the major concerns world-wide, Americans must focus on what is best for all oppositions before us. With political as well as governmental mismanagement and the fact that so many Americans are unemployed without adequate health care insurance or health care, it poses a real threat to future stability for a stable economy as far as health care is concern. With the large amount of misunderstanding concerning the current health care system with its maligned characteristics, the future quality of health care for patients will ultimately be left to chance. Dependence on sound management for patient care is of utmost importance for a solid health care system to exist. The nobility of the once thought to be health care system, has now been affected by an aggressive political agenda which is one of the many factors involving the current failed, and complex health care system. With interference from so many stakeholders, the quality of health care is failing in major areas that is damaging to our society as a whole. Quality health care is of great importance to the existed of a well balanced society. With the openly and hidden agenda superseding quality health care, America is falling behind in a race for adequate health care for its population. As stated before, without the necessary health care, our future society will fail to exist as it does today. The source that contributes to the evolution of a very complex system poses an unfortunate future for all of us in America, without some major resolutions to its complexities. The strain that has existed thus far can not continue to exist. I believe that we can resolve most of our health care issues if we leave out much of the political agenda that has driven the chaos that we are now experiencing with health care. After complete examination and comparison with the quality of other industrialized nations, much could be accomplished her in the U. S. This would assure all citizens quality health care and possible a peace of mind. With political dominance no longer a major factor guiding the health care reform or its organizational structure a future health care system has a greater chance of existing. Minimizing the risk so that the future system will not be jeopardized as it has been. A stable health care system can be developed with less problematic issues. Patient care can be of a higher quality, access can be attainable, and delivery possible. The respect of a noble health care system will truly exist one day. References Christensen, C. M. , Bohmer, R. , and Kenagy, J. (2000). Will disruptive innovations cure health care? Harvard Business Review, p. 1-10. Retrieved from EBSCO database Genard F. Anderson, Peter S. Hussy, Bianca K. Frogner and Hugh R. Waters (2005). Health spending in the United States and the rest of the industrialized world: Health Affairs, 24. No 4 (2005): 903-914 doi: 10. 377/hlthaff. 24. 4. 903 Henry, M. S. (2006). Uncertainty, responsibility, and the evolution of the physician/patient relationship. Journal of Medical Ethics, 32(6) 321-323 doi: 10. 1136/jme 2005. 013 987 Morone, J. A. (2010) Presidents and health reform: From Franklin D. Roosevelt to Barack Obama. Health Affairs, 29(6), 1096-1100. Retrieved from the proQuest database. Starfield, B. (2010). Reinventing primary care: Lessons from Canada for the Unite d States. Health Affairs, 29(5), 1030-1036, Retrieved from the proQuest database. Sultz, H. and Young, K. (2011). Health care USA: Understanding its organization and delivery (7th ed. ). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett. . The Complexities of the Health Care System and its Future With all that is before us as a society of human beings, health care is far reaching and of the highest attribute next to our existence. Without proper health care life becomes a hollow existence. We push through each day with painful thoughts about life, or what we think we know about it. While we focus on negative feelings of weakness and doom, wishing for better days. Always hoping for a peace that we know will never come in this life without our health. Health care is something everyone is not privilege to have. Billions of people around the world are suffering everyday from lack of proper health care. Unfortunately many have no idea what it is to be healthy, or what it feels like to feel good. They have no idea they are sick, all they know is that they exist. To be numb is what they know, how unfortunate. Here in America, most people know what it is to have a feeling of health, to feel good, mentally, physically and to some extent spiritually. With the existing health care system many are feeling the pains of being sick, no longer able to exist with that feel good spirit. Suffering is becoming the norm, filled with depression more often than not because of their failing health. Not being able to afford adequate health care, which is now far out of their reach, mainly because they can not afford it. They no longer have the health coverage they once had, now having to rely on aide and assistance that is not guaranteed. Their existence is now in the hands of the politicians, government agencies and advocates who now speak for them. We are slowly losing because of the quality of health care that has become a commodity for those who can afford it. Unfortunately everyone is not always entitled to life saving health care with the current system of health care. Can that person who is mentally ill walking the street get adequate health care? What about the homeless person without a place to lay their head at night. Where has quality health care gone, or did we ever really have it? Is there any hope for our future health care system? Although the hospital is of the most appreciated and unfortunately the most maligned and least understood institution in the U. S. society, with great regret, the present complexities of the United States health care system will unfortunately and inevitably affect the quality of future health care While the hospital and health care system is one that is very much needed, the maligned and misunderstanding interferes with its nobility. How is it that we live in the 21 century, and have major misunderstanding which we are experiencing within our health care system here in the United State? With all the stakeholders within the U. S. health care industry, it is no wonder we are now facing the complex dilemma in our current health care system. Due to the benchmark developments in U. S. health care, we are now at a standstill with problematic issues. The major influences with the advances and other changes are factors causing the complexities we are facing. With the legislative, political, economical, as well as organizational and professional influences, the once noble stature of the health care industry is now compromised greatly. Unfortunately the ill effects of medical education, technological advances, with rising cost along with changing population demographics, the American values are now being affected. Our major health care institutions – medical schools, groups of specialist physicians, general hospitals, and research organizations – have together overshot the level of patients care actually needed or used by the vast majority of patients: (Christensen, Bohmer, and Kenagy 2000). Our nation spends over 17% of its gross domestic product (GDP) on health care, but does not have the quality of other compared nations no where near that number. Looking back at the history of health care, the puzzling affects of the present out come is all but shocking to most Americans (Sultz, and Young, 2011). Being a $2. 5 trillion dollar industry, medical care is becoming unreachable for many Americans. What has caused this industry to skyrocket is more so due much to independent medical practices and partnership with provider organization, public and nonprofit institutions such as hospitals, nursing homes and other specialized care facilities: along with major private corporations. Dating back to the early American hospitals, they served a different purpose from those of today’s hospitals. Sheltering older adults, the dying, orphans, and vagrants, there purpose was to protect the inhabitants of its community from the contagiously sick and the dangerously insane. It seems there has always been a strained relationship between patients and the hospital, and hospital personnel. The need for information, comfort, and human contact is and has been a common complaint which is rooted in the overall history of medical care. With so much with its history, health care grew from a basket of issues which has now blossomed into what we see today as complex, from doctors and patients, to a personnel of nurses, aides, technicians, and the therapists, along with other hospital staff. With all this complexity and chaos, the once noble attributes of the health care profession has lost most of its qualities’ to misunderstandings and purpose. Malpractice is not an unknown word to the American public, and it is fundamentally correlated to a failure on the part of the physician. Malpractice is just one element that indicates patient mistrust in physician disclosure. Patients have turned to other sources and taken more responsibility upon themselves because of evidence or fear that their physician is giving them incomplete information, resulting in an increased number of second opinions being sought and increased referencing of secondary sources. Patient responsibility has increased because of physician failure to disclose the inherent misunderstanding of uncertainty on the part of the patient (Henry, 2006)’ While quality health care is of great importance to our society, the problems within the health care system, unfortunately supersedes the quality for patient care. Is the problem within the health care system which is something that can be resolved, or will it being unsolvable for any administration to fix. Quality health care has been interrupted for reasons that baffle most Americans. Not being able to understand the any reason we as a country can not work this major issue with health care to some balance. Since the government stepped into health care, the door has been left open for many other mandates to enter. In spite of the history of the hospital, the need for quality care has been paramount, dating as far back as the early 19th century. Hospitals were noted for being disgraceful, dirty, unventilated, and the lack of medical care was a real issue for quality health care, these issues were not publicly known. The quality at this time was very bad, which lead to the need for some type of health care reform, with hope to bring about a better quality of health care. Families that could obtain home medical or nursing care shunned hospitals, with this quality health care came about mostly through religious order. With its deplorable conditions, hospital care in early America was more of charity and public responsibility. With all the negative attributes surrounding the hospital environment, physicians saw the need to separate patients accordingly. This was the time the hospital was given its name. As rewarding as it may have seemed, the physicians had their own motives for why they did what they did. The now transformed hospital from the simple, charitable institutions to the complex, technical organizations was sparked by a parallel growth of private hospital insurance. Many of the sources that shaped the hospital industry varied from health insurance to the beginning of Medicare and Medicaid, bringing the legislative contribution to its fiscal well-being. With the increase of hospitals there also came the business of health care. The quality of health car came into question. With the hospital now becoming big business, all areas of its administration came into scrutiny. These problems began to supersede the quality of patient care. In deed without proper health care, our society would suffer a greater loss than it has. Proper health care is necessary for any society to thrive. Having the legal, ethical and regulatory aspects are important for its well being. The necessary financial systems and the impact on access to service are also required to bring about the quality as delivery. Many people may ask what proper health care is. Is there such a thing, and who would be entitle to proper health care that is a question that has yet to be answered and still debated over, causing much unrest and chaos. Being the many viewpoints about health care brings about the subjectivity of its true purpose. With the evolution and development of the present complex health care system, its development has come from sources due to an evolution of vary complicated issues. The current health care system along with poor management, has added to its history of strained development. With so much to say about the history of the now complex health care system, libraries could be built to hold its books. The early years of health care was challenged with mind sets as well s the stigma of those who needed medical attention. With the understanding of the characteristics and organization, along with the major private and governmental insurance initiatives, is an important factor which largely contributed to the centrality of hospitals within the health care system. Being there are diverse functions in the hospital, its’ staff and mostly management, add not only to the strain but the complexity with health care. The importance of patient care is being compromise with quality due to the battle within the system. The relationship between staff and patents suffers greatly with the pressures that are mandate by management. With all this being said, patients have a responsibility as well to the outcome of their treatment and patient care. The patient rights are known to have been violated from the early history of patient care. As the evolution and development of the health care system grew form its noble purpose, the conglomeration of the many stakeholders has contributed to lost trust with all aspects of this complex system in health care. When one speaks about the quality of care in hospitals, major debates often develop based on its interpretation of what quality is, and how it should be delivered. Health care has turned into a business platform that has much concern as to its promised future of adequate patient care. The question arises; can quality care be given within health care reform. Much is said to the fact that just because one has insurance does not equate to health care access. Access to a waiting list is not health care. When patients are denied access to a doctor or practitioner then it becomes incomplete health care. With the comparison to other countries health care system, come the question, why those of us who live in a wealthy country, suffers from inadequate health care. This also is a major focus point that is being argued. Some of the argument surrounds the issues of primary care and what does it Intel along with who should provide primary care versus specialty care. Of course it has been stated that Americans will never accept a system like they have in Canada or the U. K. Unfortunately patients become the victims of competition. Hospitals do not have patients; doctors have patients, referring them to the hospital of their choosing. Many of the complex issues have evolved form mismanagement of what health care, patient care, and the adequate structuring of the hospital is meant to be. Over the years of its development much has been misinterpreted as to the healthy organization of its purpose. The quality of care now provided in hospitals is so much in question that the many patients fear they will not receive the care they need. More so they are no longer view as human beings with needs, but number and dollars. These are only some of the many reasons why there is a need for health care reform which would enforce and influence hospital economics, service patterns and provider relationships. According to an article written by James Morone, The health care reforms that President Barack Obama signed into law in March 2010 had been in the making seventy-five years since Franklin D. Roosevelt. U. S . presidents has struggled to enact national health care reform: unfortunately most failed. The article explored the highly charged political landscape in which Obama maneuvered and the skills he brought to bear. It contrasts his accomplishments with the experiences of his oval office predecessors. Going forward, implementation poses formidable challenges for democrats, republicans, and the political process itself (Morone 2010 1). Adding to the development and mismanagement is a process swarming with special interest that has been noted to be powered by big money. Being that the anxiety is so overwhelming with the formatting of adequate health care; no management of reform can be administered without a deep investment. Being noted that president Obama demonstrated a care for health care reform that far exceeds his cool demeanor suggests. President Franklin D. Roosevelt knew e would not be able to get national health care insurance through congress unless he took the idea to the people first. He flirted with making health care his nest great political crusade as World War II came to an end. A plan was being prepared by his advisers, but unfortunately he died before the end of the war. The health reform effort fell into the hands of President Harry Truman, and every subsequent president. Only until the recent victory of President Obama in the health care reform did one president succeed in their efforts to accomplish some aspect of health care. President Lyndon Johnson managed to enact major new health care programs, in the form of Medicare and Medicaid (Morone 2010. 2). The now health care reform enacted by President Obama is viewed by many, mostly democrats as a historic achievement. In spite of the victory that is said to be in order, many still argue the factors involved. The comparisons of other countries are still being used to compare factors with the focus on health care systems. With physicians believing they are the ones to judge the quality of hospital medical care adds to the issues involving health care management. Among so many other components that foster the ever evolving cycle of health care management brings about major concerns. With mismanaged health care, future health care will surely suffer the cost. S often we look to solutions to fix major problems within our society, and yet we continue to add more hard to understand perplexing uncertainties than we started with. Within the health care system which dates back to the beginning of what seemed to be simple compliances to health care issues, are now multiplex issues. These issues have grabbed the attention of not only the government sector, but political entities that now govern the health care industries with long term care being the main agenda. With health care, and many factors influencing the increasing demand for long term care service in the changing demographics, along with technology, major changes are being anticipated. Unfortunately it has come to a point where the increased scrutiny within the federal and state government sectors of the finance involving issues are before congress. The major mismanagement in health care, are real and troubling concerns to most Americans, especially those who are being affected by new polices and mandates. Long-term care historically began as an in home environment with almshouses and sanitariums. After the great depression and post WWI, citizens decided to run small nursing homes in order to pay mortgages and find an income source. Not until the 1950s when government grants spurned development of the nursing home sector, did the boom in the industry occurred. The next large impact in long term care would come in the 1960s with the advent of Medicare and Medicaid reimbursements (Sultz and Young, 2011). Long term care is rally a term that defines a wide array of services, within, but not limited to skilled nursing facilities, nursing homes, continual care, assisted living, home health; hospice, respite care, and others are termed long term care. This allows the industry to respond to the individuals needs of the person requiring the services and match their level of independence or dependence with an environment most suitable conducive to their potential (Sultz and Young 2011). With the future goal of long term care being to reduce waste and become more efficient in order to provide quality care and incentives for operational responsibility, and customer service, there must be available the push to move the market forward. There are still many barriers that we face before this end is met, before we can compare and contrast the past history of long term health care, which of course will be a challenge that hopefully will take us into a future health care system that will provide all the necessary amenities that will produce the ideal health care system desired. Knowing that is far from coming, all we can do is promote the best possible manage care without the barriers that have existed. With retrospect to the similarities of Canada and the United States, the two countries had similar health care systems. However, since passage of the Canada Health Act in the 1970s, that nations health statistics have become increasingly superior. Canada’s health care system costs are higher by international standards, hey are much lower than U. S. cost. The factors most likely to be responsible for Canada’s better health care at a lower cost would be: universal financial coverage through a so called single payer features conducive to a strong primary infrastructure, and provincial autonomy under general principles set by national law (Starfield 2010). Although old enough to have become stable, Canada’s health reform efforts are relatively recent. This being in contrast to the historical foots of health systems in many western industrialized countries. The provincially based Canadian health care system, limited private insurance, public insurance plans, practices and health centers, cost, care seeking, availability of technology, and use of service. These areas are among the more prominent features that bring Canada’s health system to the front. With Canada’s experiences it shows how these critical features of the health system can be achieved in the context of a federal structure with decentralized administrative control. Although Canada has achieved better, or what appears to be a better health level than the United States, which it has for many decades, the gap has widened overtime, following the development of the different provincial plans that culminated in national legislation in the early 1970s (Starfield, 2010). What this is leading to is: if, the health care system continues to demonstrate gross mismanagement, and if the political dominance that is now existing, with the unsuccessful organizational structure it has, the inevitable outcome is more than likely to happen. The quality of future health care will suffer greatly. With so much at sake with our system of health care, the future quality of health care will be jeopardized without recourse. If reform is not properly implemented given all the information that has been provided, needed a stable health care system is only a wish. Many questions are still unanswered as to the reform necessary to provide quality patient health for the future. According to the article Health spending in the United States and the rest of the industrialized world, a cycle of unsustainable spending growth followed by fervent cost containment initiatives has been a regular feature of the health care landscape for the past half-century (Anderson, Hussey, Froger and waters, 2005). In conclusion, with health care being one of the major concerns world-wide, Americans must focus on what is best for all oppositions before us. With political as well as governmental mismanagement and the fact that so many Americans are unemployed without adequate health care insurance or health care, it poses a real threat to future stability for a stable economy as far as health care is concern. With the large amount of misunderstanding concerning the current health care system with its maligned characteristics, the future quality of health care for patients will ultimately be left to chance. Dependence on sound management for patient care is of utmost importance for a solid health care system to exist. The nobility of the once thought to be health care system, has now been affected by an aggressive political agenda which is one of the many factors involving the current failed, and complex health care system. With interference from so many stakeholders, the quality of health care is failing in major areas that is damaging to our society as a whole. Quality health care is of great importance to the existed of a well balanced society. With the openly and hidden agenda superseding quality health care, America is falling behind in a race for adequate health care for its population. As stated before, without the necessary health care, our future society will fail to exist as it does today. The source that contributes to the evolution of a very complex system poses an unfortunate future for all of us in America, without some major resolutions to its complexities. The strain that has existed thus far can not continue to exist. I believe that we can resolve most of our health care issues if we leave out much of the political agenda that has driven the chaos that we are now experiencing with health care. After complete examination and comparison with the quality of other industrialized nations, much could be accomplished her in the U. S. This would assure all citizens quality health care and possible a peace of mind. With political dominance no longer a major factor guiding the health care reform or its organizational structure a future health care system has a greater chance of existing. Minimizing the risk so that the future system will not be jeopardized as it has been. A stable health care system can be developed with less problematic issues. Patient care can be of a higher quality, access can be attainable, and delivery possible. The respect of a noble health care system will truly exist one day. References Christensen, C. M. , Bohmer, R. , and Kenagy, J. (2000). Will disruptive innovations cure health care? Harvard Business Review, p. 1-10. Retrieved from EBSCO database Genard F. Anderson, Peter S. Hussy, Bianca K. Frogner and Hugh R. Waters (2005). Health spending in the United States and the rest of the industrialized world: Health Affairs, 24. No 4 (2005): 903-914 doi: 10. 1377/hlthaff. 24. 4. 903 Henry, M. S. (2006). Uncertainty, responsibility, and the evolution of the physician/patient relationship. Journal of Medical Ethics, 32(6) 321-323 doi: 10. 1136/jme 2005. 013 987 Morone, J. A. (2010) Presidents and health reform: From Franklin D. Roosevelt to Barack Obama. Health Affairs, 29(6), 1096-1100. Retrieved from the proQuest database. Starfield, B. (2010). Reinventing primary care: Lessons from Canada for the United States. Health Affairs, 29(5), 1030-1036, Retrieved from the proQuest database. Sultz, H. and Young, K. (2011). Health care USA: Understanding its organization and delivery (7th ed. ). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett. .

The Han Dynasty and the Roman Empire

The Han dynasty stressed effectiveness in their tools, as well as using technology to prevent natural disasters and thrive in their society. The Romans, however, marveled at their civilization’s innovations, but rejected idolizing those who worked with tools and crafts. The control of water was significant in both the Han dynasty and the Roman Empire (Docs 1 and 8). Han officials believed water conservation officers and hydraulic engineers should work together to prevent flooding (Doc 1). The writer requested the formation of water conservation officers in each district, and inspections of waterways, walls, etc.Along with necessary repairs (Doc 1). Document 1 is a letter from a Han government official concerning flood prevention. Considering the status of the writer of document 1 and the fact that the letter is instructional, it seems reasonable to assume he knows what he’s talking about. The Romans also used water engineering, aqueducts, to supply the cities with water (Doc 8). Frontinus boasted about the abundance of water for â€Å"public and private uses (Doc 8). † As a water commissioner, the writer of document 8 only talks about the positives of the water system, possibly to make himself look respectable in the eyes of his superiors.An additional document from a common citizen of Rome describing how aqueducts positively affect their life would support Frontinus, who only provides an official government point of view. Both the Roman and the Han officials wanted to use technology to control water for the benefit of the citizens, but for the Han dynasty, it was more necessary to thrive. Huan Tan, an upper-class Han philosopher, speaks of Fuxi, the wise emperor and inventor of the pestle and mortar (Doc 3). After Fuxi’s invention, there was an improvement in technology with the creation of water power (Doc 3).The attitude toward technology in this document is as technology as a â€Å"gift† from enlightened emperors. Huan Tan , because a philosopher, would praise technology from the emperor as Confucian philosophy views the emperor as a kind father-figure. Huan Tan may have written this document praising the emperor as a way of flattering the current government in hopes of achieving a higher official position. Like Fuxi, Tu Shih, governor of Nanyang, was also a wise and enlightened leader (Doc 4).Tu Shih developed a water-powered blowing-engine that was a labor-saving device, to facilitate cast-iron agricultural implements. â€Å"Tu Shih loved the common people and wished to save their labor† (Doc 4). Technology in this document is also seen as a â€Å"gift† from enlightened leadership. The writer of this document could have been trying to please the emperor in order to reach a higher position in office. Both of these documents show that the Han dynasty saw technology as a way to improve in their society and for the goodness of their people.Cicero, an upper-class Roman political leader desc ribes those who work with their hands as vulgar or common, believing that gentlemen do not work with their hands (Doc 5). Cicero speaks of hired-workers and craftsmen as having unfit occupations (Doc 5). Technology is perceived as necessary in this document, but not fit for enlightened minds. Cicero cannot accurately judge technology’s impact because he is a member of the elite and does not work with technology. According to Seneca, an upper-class Roman philosopher, technology takes being smart, but not enlightenment (Doc 7).Seneca does not believe in the importance of individual technological creations and believes there is a difference between those who work with their hands and those who work with their minds (Doc 7). Both documents show negative Roman attitudes and are degrading towards technology. Huan Guan, a Han government official, suggests that good government should correct the situation of sub-standard tools (Doc 2). Rather than him being negative towards technolog y, he is being negative towards the government’s role. He believes that technology is vital to peasant production and is the government’s responsibility to support it (Doc 2).Plutarch, a Roman high official describes Roman leader, Gauis Gracchus’ improved road building in a glorifying report (Doc 6). Technology according to this document has a practical side, but also one of aesthetics (Doc 6). As a high-ranking official, Plutarch praises another political leader possibly yearning to obtain a promotion. Both documents show technology as necessary, but the Han dynasty shows a need for technology and the Roman empire makes improvements that are not necessarily vital to their society.Additional documents by women would have been helpful in exploring whether there are similarities or differences in Han and Roman attitudes according to gender. Also, documents by workers or the lower class would have given different perspectives toward attitudes and views on technolog y, instead of high officials who do not personally work with technology. The Han dynasty, because of natural disasters and the good of their civilization, were pushed to improve on technology while the Roman empire admired their great, unneeded innovations.

Reflection Paper On Hong Kong Tourism Tourism Essay Essay Example

Reflection Paper On Hong Kong Tourism Tourism Essay Essay Example Reflection Paper On Hong Kong Tourism Tourism Essay Essay Reflection Paper On Hong Kong Tourism Tourism Essay Essay Hong Kong touristry is one of the four pillars in its economic system. With its image as a widely distributed metropolis, Hong Kong has attracted 1000000s of tourers each twelvemonth. However there are touristry issues that should non be overlooked by the authorities and the Hong Kong Tourism Commission ( HKTC ) in order to develop schemes to keep the long term sustainability of Hong Kong touristry. In this paper, a state of affairs appraisal is presented and cardinal touristry issues are identified together with the jobs associated and relevant schemes to get the better of these jobs identified. After the handover of Hong Kong back to the custodies of China in 1997, Hong Kong developed its strong links with China. Tourism is with no exclusion. In 2010, Hong Kong recorded 36 million visitants with more than 60 % of visitants coming from Mainland China ( HKTB, 2011 ) . This was the consequence of the extension of Individual Visit Scheme ( IVS ) and the relaxation of visa agreement that stimulate the demand. In the approaching hereafter, demand from Chinese tourers is still in a grow. Despite the stable demand from Chinese tourers, Hong Kong faces immense challenges from nearby finishs. Hong Kong is used to hold being a shopping Eden and being a MICE finish as its competitory borders, nevertheless these borders seem to be contracting down. Hainan state in China has launched a shopping revenue enhancement refund plan to pull non-residents to pass in shopping ( People s Daily, 2011 ) . Singapore and Macau have developed casino resorts together with MICE installations to pull concern touristry. Despite all these, Hong Kong still has its advantage on its geographic location to be a gateway to China which attracts 1000000s of people in and out of Hong Kong as a hub. Besides, Hong Kong is a widely distributed metropolis and an Asia s universe metropolis which contains features of the West and the East, tradition and modern-day which is appealing to abroad tourers. Its fiscal place in Hong Kong has attracted many concern travellers to come to Hong Kong for concern intent and its image of being a Shopping and Food Paradise has besides attracted many leisure tourers. Though Hong Kong still has these advantages, these competitions should non be overlooked in order to strategically keep its long term sustainability. Tourism Issue 1 Reliance on Chinese tourers In the visible radiation of the immense portion of Chinese tourers in the mix of Hong Kong tourer reachings, it is an issue of whether Hong Kong touristry should trust that much on the Chinese market. Some protagonists would state the immense supply and disbursement of Chinese tourers has stabilized Hong Kong touristry demand. From the statistics obtained by HKTB ( 2011 ) , while the Numberss of short draw tourers from Taiwan and Japan and that of long haul tourers from Europe and USA declined in the past 10 old ages, the visitant figure from Mainland China grew quickly. It can be said that Chinese tourers have sustained Hong Kong touristry. Furthermore, harmonizing to another statistics from HKTB ( 2011 ) , Chinese tourers were large Spenders that have accounted for 69 % of the entire visitants disbursement in 2010. All these grounds have led Hong Kong to develop touristry policy particularly for this group of tourers. However, over trust on the Chinese market would make jobs every bit good. In instance of external forces or merely the alteration of gustatory sensation of Chinese tourer would present troubles for Hong Kong to keep its visitants figure. The 12th National 5-Year Plan released by the Chinese authorities is one of the external forces mentioned. It was the first clip that Hong Kong touristry was non highlighted in the program, alternatively the Chinese authorities intended to develop Macau as a first touristry and leisure centre ( Hong Kong s Information Services Department, 2011 ) . With this purpose, the Chinese authorities might be policies that favor that development of Macau touristry. In that instance, more Chinese tourers would be encouraged to travel to Macau alternatively of Hong Kong. Back to Hong Kong, instances like Ah Zhen incident that happened late would deter Chinese tourers to go to Hong Kong. Ah Zhen has been accused to hold damaged Hong Kong s repute as Shopping Paradise by faulting Chinese tourers for non buying keepsakes from designated stores. Similar incidents have besides happened after this ( Wall Street Journal, 2010 ) . These incidents would impede more Chinese tourers to go to Hong Kong for shopping. In the long tally, this would present challenges to Hong Kong touristry. China is a immense market that would provide sufficient demand for Hong Kong touristry, Hong Kong authorities should go on retaining this group of invitees to come to Hong Kong. In order to accomplish this, there are several recommendations to protect the involvements of these invitees. First, the authorities could spread out its Quality and Honest Hong Kong Tours Programme to go on beef uping Hong Kong s image as a quality and value for money finish. At the minute, the programme has been carried out in 27 Mainland metropoliss and besides in the practical universe on the Internet. Participating travel agents in the strategy have to perpetrate that their paths should non incorporate designated shopping Michigans and forced shopping and forced self-paid activities. In the new enlargement of the programme, the authorities can advance these Tourss together with its benefits in more metropoliss in China. Besides, the authorities can besides advance them more extensively via different communicating channels, e.g. Television advertizement, societal media, etc. Furthermore, secret shopper run should be continued and done more extensively to descry out illegal or unethical behaviours of travel ushers to keep a satisfactory degree of services. This run can be used to ease the execution of the Quality and Honest Hong Kong Tours Programme every bit good to do certain the travel bureaus in China and in Hong Kong if they are following the guidelines offered by Travel Industry Council of Hong Kong ( TIC ) and the Hong Kong Tourism Commission ( HKTC ) . It is hoped that by this run, travel bureaus would self modulate themselves in service bringing and proviso. Travel Industry Council of Hong Kong ( TIC ) should develop a more regulative system to warn and penalize travel bureaus or tourer ushers one time illegal or unethical behaviours have been spotted out. In the instance of Ah Zhen, originally she was suspended from being a circuit usher after the instance discovered, nevertheless, after her entreaty to TIC, she is now suspended for merely half twelvemonth. This indicates the ineffectualness of the bing system which could let similar incidents to go on in the hereafter. TIC should be more careful in planing its regulative system in order to exert more regulative power and penalty on Hong Kong circuit operators and tour ushers who have offended the regulations and gives more assurance to Chinese tourers, therefore remedy the bad repute built. However, for the long term benefit of Hong Kong touristry, over concentrating on one market section could be unsafe, Hong Kong authorities should besides happen ways to pull other markets. Issue 2 Sustainability of cultural and heritage attractive forces In position of this and the acute competition from neighbouring finishs, Hong Kong has tried its best to develop new touristry merchandises to get the better of these challenges. Cultural attractive forces are popular among these new attractive forces in recent old ages to better Hong Kong s cultural image. Tsim Sha Tsui plaza and the West Kowloon Cultural District are two of the large undertakings that the authorities has under taken as new touristry attractive forces. Besides, the authorities has besides emphasized in developing heritages to showcase Hong Kong s assorted civilization. Examples are the former Marine Police Headquarter in Tsim Sha Tsui which has renovated to go a square 1881 Heritage and a boutique hotel named Hullett House . Another illustration would be the Central market which will be developed into Cardinal Oasis and the undertaking of regenerating the Former Police Station is Central. One cardinal issue that can be identified among all these undertakings is whether they could heighten sustainability. Harmonizing to the Chief Executive in 1999 ( Hong Kong Sustainable Department, 2008 ) , the Hong Kong authorities would guarantee a sustainable development to convey about full integrating of economic and societal development with preservation of environment. In order to accomplish this, local engagement is really of import in taking to sustainable development which gives win-win state of affairs to all parties of the society. However, one common key critics faced by the authorities in these large undertakings is deficiency of transparence. For illustration, in the instance of Tsim Sha Tsui Piazza, a workshop that aims to garner sentiments from different parties was subjected to inquiry as these parties were largely come from the authorities or government-related organisations ( Tourism Commission, 2007 ) . Another illustration is from another large undertaking, the West Kowloon Cultural District. The direction authorization of the undertaking is questioned as all of the 15 members from the authorization were appointed by the authorities. Therefore, it is normally believed that due to miss of transparence, the involvement of the authorities might hold affected the direction. For heritage sites development, given that the Heritage Tourism Task Force was set up in 1998, it was blamed to be deficiency of leading and deficiency of influence in the authorities bureaucratism ( Chu and Uebegang, 2002 ) . The kernel of sustainable touristry development is how to equilibrate different positions from different parties which is really a immense challenge that the authorities has to confront in planning and developing tourist attractive forces. In order to to the full implement sustainable touristry development, a bottom-up attack has to be adopted to roll up more nonsubjective positions from all sectors in Hong Kong so that specific demands could be satisfied and win-win state of affairs for tourers and locals could be achieved. Cooperation with and engagement of locals or important cultural group should be guaranteed and local community should be involved at the get downing phase of planning and operation to avoid these heritages to lose its original value, particularly to the locals who have grown up with these heritage sites. It is hoped that by this attack, the unity and genuineness of the heritage could be maintained while new elements like environmental friendly designs could be be sides involved in the new design. Another job raised from sustainability is whether these new attractive forces could showcase the local elements. Possibly due to the image of Hong Kong as being an international metropolis, projecting an image of East-meet-West, attractive forces are frequently blamed to be deficiency of local features. For illustration, in the instance of West Kowloon Cultural District, even one of the consultative commissions of the undertaking criticized that the design is deficiency of local elements ( HKheadline, 2011 ) . This job has to be dealt decently, or else every new attractive force in Hong Kong would present similar image to tourers, particularly for revitalized heritage attractive forces which are supposed to present a alone image and background cognition of Hong Kong so that visitants could appreciate and understand more about Hong Kong. One of the solutions is to maintain up with public audiences and gather sentiments of the populace about the sort of local civilization to be include d in the design of new attractive forces. By that, local civilization could be incorporated into the design and would non be missed out. Decision With its strong nexus to China, Hong Kong relies on the supply of Chinese tourers to prolong touristry. Though the immense figure of Chinese tourers remains a consistent supply, there are hazards associated with it and as a authorities organic structure, HKTC should develop steps to besides pull other markets and diversify the profile of Hong Kong visitants. On the other manus, sustainable touristry development is frequently questioned due to miss of transparence and overlook of Hong Kong local elements in development new attractive forces. HKTC and the authorities should affect a more crystalline public audience and public battle so as to vouch a more sustainable touristry planning and development.