Issues in Historic Building Conservation

Issues in Historic Building Conservation Development Technology and Rehabilitation Alluding to explicit contextual investigations this paper means to explore perspectives towards the conservation and rebuilding of memorable structures and the impacts and requirements which may influence the improvement of such structures. Why safeguard? Numerous structures are either abandoned by their proprietors when the expense of reclamation turns out to be excessively extraordinary, or obliterated when the lesser cost of another turn of events and its saleability are of more prominent intrigue. The fate of noteworthy structures depends not just on the individuals or administering bodies that own them, yet additionally on associations, for example, English Heritage that rundown and shield structures from advancement and raise open mindfulness through plans, for example, the ‘Blue Plaque’ plot (www.english-heritage.org). The generally late excitement for TV programs about rebuilding have additionally uplifted mindfulness. As Philip Wilkinson phrases it: ‘Old structures structure solid connections with the past () to students of history and archeologists they are valuable records, opening data about the life, craftsmanship, goals, and innovation of the individuals who manufactured them and utilized them.’ (Wilkinson: 2005, p.13) Long haul conservation can significantly expand the economy of a zone. For instance, Bath and North East Somerset which is well known for its Georgian and stone structures produces a colossal income through the travel industry as a result of the endeavors taken to preserve its rich legacy. The cost frequently demonstrates an obstacle however on account of either private land proprietors or gathering claimed properties English Heritage and other such associations, for example, the Funds for Historic Buildings (www.ffhb.org.uk) can give money related guide as awards, charge alleviation, and sponsored advances. Wellbeing, Security and Assessment ‘The George Inn’ a medieval Inn, five miles south of Bath, possessed by the Wadworth family, was reestablished in 1998 by Stansell Conservation, West Country Tiling, under the heading of Acanthus individuals, Ferguson Mann Architects. (http://www.buildingconservation.com/articles/george/george.htm). A significant piece of the structure was abandoned and unusable, and the errand was to ration and fix, at that point transform the bar into a little inn with 12 rooms and ensuite washrooms. Being of enormous lumber confined structure with complicated stonework and immense stone record rooftops, the strategies must be chosen cautiously. Different contemplations were considered, for example, its archeological examination, and holding fast to the fire-wellbeing prerequisites of making lodging convenience. The first arrangement relied upon the production of settlement on the highest level of the primary structure: in any case, the arrangement of an elective ways to get out would have included significant intercessions to the structure so this arrangement was adjusted: Fire security introduced issues as the step tower must be shielded from smoke and flares in case of a fire. The standard arrangement, wired glass entryways on either side of the steps, would have disastrously affected the character of the inside. The arrangement was to conceal the fire entryways in the dividers so they couldn't be seen when open, and to fit them with electro attractive gets so they would close consequently when a fire is distinguished. (http://www.buildingconservation.com/articles/george/george.htm). Components to consider in the protection of structures concern the structure itself as well as the region encompassing it. The circumstance of the George Inn, on the asphalt of a bustling central avenue, caused expected peril from falling stone records and support get to was seriously limited. The platform to the front must be cantilevered out in a ‘complex, engineer-planned structure.’ It was hence chosen to decide on a high detail and each component of the rooftop covering was considered cautiously. Transitory works are regularly required during ventures either on the grounds that there is a hazard that a structure may some way or another breakdown or in light of the fact that it is important to evacuate some crucial supporting part for reestablishment or change. In circumstances like this it is fundamental that the ability of experienced designers and assessors is looked for to maintain a strategic distance from pointless harm or change to the structure as such errors can be hopeless. It is important to have an itemized detail for a specific venture, remembering that a notable building’s most noteworthy worth is the materials out of which it is made. Hazard evaluation and security reviews will be required. Notable structures can frequently hold important fortunes and can be in danger during building methods; subsequently frameworks, for example, security lighting, CCTV and alerts may require introducing on the site. Enactment Recovery ventures include working intimately with others progress contingent upon the unwavering quality of contractual workers who might go into receivership or leave. At the point when legitimate issues are included destinations can frequently lie lethargic until they are settled. In certain circumstances all things considered, authoritative methodology will conflict. For instance, an emergency exit on the highest level of the Inn may have encroached upon reasonable arranging strategies for that age and sort of building. All the more truly, the posting of a property doesn't ensure its wellbeing. The English Heritage specifies that the motivation behind posting is to give a structure ‘statutory security against unapproved destruction, modification or extension.’ (www.english-heritage.org). Destruction or broad adjustment might be affirmed on a property on the off chance that it becomes ‘de-listed’ anyway this normally possibly happens if new proof about the compositional or memorable intrigue is revealed or if broad fire harm happens. Choices on the idea of works did on notable structures regularly rely upon Listed Building Control which takes into account the alteration of recommendations to change or annihilate the structure. Now and again arranging authorization can be conceded and recorded structure assent can't: and except if both are endorsed then advancement can't proceed. As Michael Ross says in his distribution on Planning and the Heritage: The accentuation is on protection instead of conservation. Much of the time, the two will be equal, however in others, the accentuation won't be on keeping the structure for what it's worth no matter what, yet in guaranteeing that its life is ensured and protracted such that won't wreck its uncommon intrigue. That implies by and large that there will be an equalization to be struck between the estimation of the old and the necessities of the new. In others, no parity will be conceivable and agree should be cannot. (Ross: 1996, p.92) On the off chance that a structure isn't secured by law and adjustments can possibly show up unattractive or excessively radical in their structure, at that point the Local Planning Authority utilize their tact with regards to whether the application ought to be affirmed. On account of Manor Farm, Over Haddon, (www.peakdistrict.org/ctte/arranging/reports/2005) destruction and advancement of sheds themselves not recorded however contiguous a recorded farmhouse, into places of business and a vehicle leave was denied as the proposition was seen to genuinely hurt the setting and character of the recorded structure and the character of the Haddon protection region. Time, Methods, and Materials Numerous memorable structures require steady consideration after some time. For instance, the Medieval Tithe Barn in Bradford-on-Avon was in an awful condition of fix in 1914 and given to the Wiltshire Archeological Society. Due to the war no one but  £400 could be spent on vital fixes which neglected to kill the reason for rot. (Service of Works, 1953). In July 1939 the Archeological Society gave it to the Ministry of Works, and by 1975 all rotting wood in the rooftop brackets had been supplanted, with the hazardously inclining north divider remade. (Branch of the Environment Ancient Monuments and Historic Buildings, 1975). Reestablishing a structure can be a stupendous undertaking and requires adequate examination and interest so as to finish the task. Besides, harm impediment must be thought of: on the off chance that a structure is experiencing auxiliary fixes, at that point parts, for example, fragile rooftop woods ought not be presented to the components any more drawn out th an completely vital, in any case further issues may happen. Appropriate materials should be utilized, for instance, lime mortar was most normally utilized in old structures as it permitted adaptability inside the structure. The cutting edge concrete mortar could be unfortunate as not exclusively is it obviously unique, however it’s harder consistency would confine the development of a structure. The cleaning and fixes of the ‘Circus’ structures in Bath during 1987 (Tindall: 1989) recorded meticulous consideration over the antiquated stonework and close assessment of the harm brought about by corrosive downpour. Issues happened during chilly climate where fixes must be secured with dry cotton fleece which gave adequate protection to forestall harm. Preservation and cleaning of stonework is a sensitive procedure, and requires the tolerance and mastery of talented specialists. Contrasted with the quantity of individuals who practice current structure strategies there is a lack of learned bricklayers, in this manner, as Hunter phrases it, there is’ a hole between the prepared artisan and the prepared conservator.’ (Hunter:1980). Moreover, such a contention among conventional and present day strategies emerges in the capacity of the notable structure itself. Numerous conventional ranch structures are relinquished, permitted to fall into ruin or oblitera ted in light of the fact that they can no longer satisfy the reason for which they were constructed. (Brunskill:1999, p.147). Such structures can regularly be recovered by changing over them to residential use, in spite of the fact that this stances different issues, for example, the necessities of rooftop lights, windows, restrooms and nurseries which would all be able to encroach upon the first character of the structure. Co

The Emerald Forest by John Boorman Movie Review

The Emerald Forest by John Boorman - Movie Review Example Aside from the distinction in the position structures of these two social orders, as long as they can remember styles and societies are unique. Western present day society is created and progressed as far as innovation and utilizations automatic rifles and weapons to battle, aero planes to make a trip and different machines to cut off timberlands and clear the land for development, though the imperceptible individuals don't have a lot of utilization of innovation as they use bolts and lances to battle and travel by strolling significant distances (â€Å"Proyect†). As wanadi says, â€Å"When I was a kid, the edges of the world was far away, yet it comes nearer each year.† It implies that western world is developing in innovation and now bridging the whole world to reach distant spots have gotten simple and quick. Be that as it may, as innovation is upgrading it is annihilating the indigenous habitat more (â€Å"The Emerald Forest†). Air contamination from the aero planes, vehicles and so forth have expanded bringing about different sicknesses influencing our respiratory frameworks when we breathe in the oxygen present noticeable all around. Additionally the advanced firearms and weapons have brought about the expanding destruction of humanity who are slaughtered in slaughters. The machines used to clean up woodlands have devastated the excellence of the world and the indigenous vocation (â€Å"The Emerald Forest†). The normal assets are being drained with the appropriation of new innovation. This is the explanation that the individuals of the western world were called to be Termite as they chop down large trees and crush this present reality which is in timberlands (â€Å"The Emerald Forest†). The undetectable individuals are adoring, mindful, blameless individuals who calls the woods as their reality, who minds their own business, away from western culture and simply need... Both the conventional culture and the way of life of the western American social orders have their own great and awful focuses however in my view, the way of life of the undetectable individuals is obviously better than that of the westerners. The explanation is that the imperceptible individuals were acceptable hearted, adoring people who were happy with their lives and were cheerfully living with their kin in their reality. Their way of life fulfills all their humanly needs like physiological needs of food, water, sex and so on, the security needs by giving them cover, assets to endure, wellbeing, their enthusiastic needs by giving family, love, and by giving a feeling of network in which individuals can rely on one another in period of their scarcity, their regard needs for example their way of life shows them how to regard others and certainty lastly the most significant level of human need that is self-completion by giving them critical thinking abilities and profound quality. T he customary culture advances otherworldliness and the sentiment of network which makes them benevolent individuals who not at all like the westerners don't destroy nature and others feel for their own needs or thought processes. This view is additionally upheld by Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud and Emile Durkheim who likewise sees present day society as a wretchedness in which individuals are miserable and never completely fulfilled. Despite the fact that they all have a similar end, they have various explanations behind their perspectives. As indicated by Karl Marx, this wretchedness results from private enterprise which isolates society into two significant gatherings Bourgeoisie and Proletaria.

Ethnocentrism Essay example -- essays research papers

Webster’s word reference characterizes ethnocentrism as â€Å"The propensity to assess different gatherings as indicated by the qualities and guidelines of one's own ethnic gathering, particularly with the conviction that one's own ethnic gathering is better than the other groups.† When first perusing this definition, one would normally concur that ethnocentrism exists in our reality and society, regularly befuddling it with enthusiasm. Be that as it may, many don't understand that ethnocentrism is, has been, and keeps on being a main source for brutality in America. Distinctive ethnic gatherings, for example, African Americans and Native Americans have endured long periods of fierce wrongdoings against them on account of the white man’s ethnocentric perspectives on themselves when contrasted and different races and societies.      Ethnocentrism started to create in America well before we were authoritatively a country. At the point when Europeans originally came to America and had their underlying experiences with the Native Americans, the Europeans were so amazed about how unique the Natives were. Their disparities in language, dress, and skin shading made them question that the Native Americans were even human. Coming from this thought, the Europeans in the long run started to consider the Natives as the â€Å"other† and felt that they were more socialized than the â€Å"others.† Amerigo Vespucci composed that the Native Americans were â€Å"worse than pagan; since we didn't see that they offered any penance, nor did they have a place of prayer.† Consequently, these emotions...

Comp 2 Argumentive Essay

Contention Essay To have the option to finish a family most couples have kids after marriage. I accept that a kid should finish a parent’s life. Then again I don’t accept that it is scripturally directly for gay couples to have the option to receive a kid and bring up that youngster. In the good book God made man and lady for a reason. This object was to have the option to imitate the populace and for one man to be infatuated and with one lady. I don't accept that in a homosexuality house hold that a kid would be raised appropriately and ordinarily like most kids can be raised.I feel placing youngsters in that condition is proposing that homosexuality is alright and it really isn’t when regarding the good book. This wrongdoing was so essential to God that he straightforwardly moved toward the subject in the book of scriptures saying it is a transgression and that a man ought to be with a lady and a lady ought to be with a man. Being a colossal supporter of the Ch ristian confidence since I am separated of that confidence, I accept that being a gay is disreputable and really agitates God.On the other hand I am mindful that few out of every odd hetero home on the planet is a steady and a reasonable home to bring a youngster up in. In numerous homes in this world there are kids that are beaten, assaulted, hungry, and furthermore inadequately upheld. In those terms and in those cases I do accept that it might be adequate for a youngster that are in those conditions to be put in a home where they will be cherished and bolstered and be adored. I do likewise concur that a gay couple is entirely fit for cherishing and giving and dealing with a child.If the youngster is being beaten and disliked and assaulted and other outrageous conditions I would be steady and feel that it was alright for a kid to be embraced into a gay home. I likewise feel that it is hard for the youngsters that are being received to have the option to acknowledge what is happeni ng and having the option to comprehend what is normal and untouchable. Same-sex couples bringing up kids must stand prepared to demonstrate to the world they are a family, only one that happens to have two moms or two dads. For instance I might want to share this one gay couple’s tory. This consistent weight of evidence is particularly hard for families like the Muzingos, who live in an express that doesn’t permit them to build up lawful connections to one another. Michelle Muzingo was in the conveyance room when her significant other, Katrina, brought forth every one of their three kids, who are presently 7, 4 and 1. She cut their umbilical strings and was the first to hold the kids, who call her â€Å"mommy. † Yet in light of the fact that they live in Ohio, an express that doesn't permit gay couples to embrace, she can't make that title official. We are continually checking the hover around us to perceive what we have to set up to secure ourselves,† sai d Katrina, 37. A report discharged recently outlines exactly how powerless these couples and their youngsters are, both lawfully and monetarily. All things considered, 30 states don't have laws that permit same-sex guardians to either receive, while six states limit them or force inside and out bans. Indeed, even families who live in states that perceive their connections can run into inconvenience in the event that they travel or move.And if something somehow happened to happen to a parent who couldn't embrace or in any case build up legitimate ties, the youngster may be denied sure government benefits something that offspring of most hetero guardians get naturally. While having a kid regularly, with one man getting one lady that is hitched pregnant, it very well may be an incredibly rough street. Likewise I accept that only one out of every odd home is great and there are numerous issues inside every family. In any case, I simply imagine that an excessive number of entanglements c an emerge out of gay couples embracing a kid.

Freedom Writers - About the Power of One Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Opportunity Writers - About the Power of One - Essay Example The framework had basically abandoned these children and during the underlying minutes apparently Erin is absolutely ignorant regarding how to manage these children and how to teach them. Nonetheless, the film before long gets fascinating when accused of the positive thinking and diligence of Erin. Rather than fitting in like a block in the divider, Erin chooses to appear as something else, she chooses to take advantage of the intensity of one, she unequivocally accepts that these children are fit for being instructed and changed as some other child concentrating in a very good quality school. It is this solid confidence in her capacity and her ability to roll out an improvement that comprises the establishment on which this story stands. Instead of getting daunted by the exercises and convictions of her understudies, Erin utilizes them as a guide to encourage their training. For example when a Hispanic understudy comes out with a racially determined image of one of his cohorts, Erin , instead of getting disillusioned and skeptical, utilizes the chance to encourage the children about racial separation and the shades of malice executed on the guiltless individuals for the sake of racial pride. Put in a situation that is completely bigot and biased, Eric chooses to utilize the Holocaust as a foundation to show these children resilience and racial agreement. She advises the children regarding how in the Nazi Germany a huge number of Jews were slaughtered, badgering and abused for the sake of racial pride. Erin decides to weaken the students’ disdain for each other by training them with regards to how racial partiality could prompt the misuse of the innocuous and the honest. The class which was so far unwilling to the motions of Erin before long begins to get intrigued by her and their advantage begins to accumulate around the subject of Holocaust, straightforwardly prompting a... Opportunity Writers appears concerning how some of the time the revultion towards change is inbuilt inside the framework and how this hesitance towards change presents resistance to the individual characters steady and burning of progress. As the endeavors and techniques for Erin continue to round up change among her understudies, it prompts a contention with her bosses and her better half attributable to their negative and obstinate reasoning. In spite of the fact that not legitimately implied in the film, one might say that the associates and bosses of Erin oppose her out of envy, at the same time, additionally in light of the fact that they by one way or another don't need these understudies to succeed, whom they had once named as the dig of the general public. However, they essentially couldn't stand to see Erin prevail with them, Erin with her flexibility and persistence, some way or another consistently figures out how to explore over the deterrents set by them. The one thing that the film Freedom Writers instructs is that the change could start with one, but instead change consistently starts with one. It is consistently the confidence, tirelessness and endeavors of a solitary character that lights the creative mind of millions and achieves the ideal change in the social orders.

What Writing About Reading Does To Your Reading

What Writing About Reading Does To Your Reading I have always loved to read, even when I was tiny. Even before I could read to myself, like so many others, my parents would read to me every night at bedtime. As I grew up, I often even preferred books to friendsâ€"until I needed an outlet for all my thoughts about my books. As I grew up, I started writing. Essays for school, then features for magazines, copy for marketing…and finally it escalated to a point that I was even writing about writing. And finally, my life came full circle, and I started writing about reading. Writing about reading is a gig with a great deal of appeal. Most of us who sign up for such work tend to not only do a great deal of reading, but also to have endless opinions about the things we read. Writing about them is an incredible outlet, allowing us to finally get our opinions out of our own heads, force our them onto countless strangers, and save to-be-read lists all over the world. But with great power comes great responsibility, and it can start to get in your head. For example, I am constantly revising my TBRs in my head to make sure I am: Reading widely enough across genres and sub-genres Reading deeply enough within the genre I write most about Reading diversely across #ownvoices novels And hey, there are some things I read for fun and truly no other reason, but they always seem to get back-burnered. (That is not to say I don’t also truly love most of the other books I read. I usually do.) Let me first say that these are principles that I feel benefit me greatly beyond just my writingâ€"they make me a better author too, and most importantly, a better person. But it also must be said, it puts a little pressure on an activity that used to be pure leisure. For example, I was excited to start off the year with the final release in a beloved series. I set out to read all of the novels in the series, from debut to finale, from the beginning again, all in a row. I got through #1, and then my plain derailed. First, I discovered an author I admire would soon be in town for a book launch tour. I quickly secured an ARC to cram on before meeting with her for an interview. Then, I had an opportunity to claim another ARC for a review shortly after, and I grabbed it. Exacerbating the situation, the series is by a white male author, and as a full six-book series, at my slow-as-a-snail reading pace, that is a long stretch to trade off reading diversely for. But perhaps it is not surprising that that cycle leads to semi-frequent burnout. When this happens, I power through any necessary deadlines, and then I shift gears. I pick up a comic book or go back to something I’m truly only reading for the joy of it (with no byline strings attached), or even just stop reading completely for a week or two. But it never lasts long, because new exciting opportunities always crop up again. And damn, what incredible opportunities. Every time I get to sit down face to face with an author, I am just in awe of the magic that comes with writing about reading.

Informal Social Control and Its Importance and Complexity - 1650 Words

Informal Social Control and Its Importance and Complexity (Essay Sample) Content: Discussing Informal Social Control : Its Importance and ComplexityNameInstitutionDiscussing Informal Social Control : Its Importance and ComplexityInformal Social Control is one of the most discussed and critically argued topics of Social Science and more particularly, of Social Control. It has been severely discussed, criticized and has gone through several post-mortems for ages. Numerous arguments and theories have been presented by scholars, criminologists, and sociologists on whether the informal social control is a better option than its formal counterpart or not, what level of complexity it has and what sort of problems it faces. So, the discussion on the importance and the complex nature of informal social control is very much contextually valid while keeping in mind the social system and its problems, that can be noticed in recent times, which persisted from ages past.Informal social control mainly deals with the theory of socialization. It is known by and ac cepted by everyone that whenever an individual is born, he is blessed with enormous and varied behavioral potentialities right from the dawn of his journey on earth. But he has to confine his behavioral approaches and, furthermore he has to develop actual behavior which is acceptable by group standards inside the society. Informal social control plays its vital role in such socialization. It sets the benchmarks for actual behavior and enforces internalization of norms and values that are acceptable inside the systematically structured foundation of the society. It rewards or punishes (punishment in the sense of criticizing certain behaviors in a varied way) people for their behavioral approaches on the grounds of its social acceptability CITATION Sam86 \l 1033 (Sampson, 1986). Informal social control varies according to demographic specifications, geological specifications, from one individual to another, from one group to another and from one social structure to another. It appl ies to informal norms of behavior as set by itself and includes things like ridicule, sarcasm disapproving looks, shame, criticism etc.Informal social control plays a significant and very effective role on individuals because it helps to internalize social values, and thus the values become an integral part of an individual's personality and behavioral approaches. It helps to guide an individual. Norms related to social ethics are enforced somewhat strictly. For example, if you're talking to or discussing something with a person who is much older than you, you have to maintain a decent behavior, respecting approach and, humble and polite tone while communicating with the person. Social informal control does not approve and rather firmly criticizes any type of audacity or indecent behavior in such issues. The norms are the backbone for creating a healthy and stable society where decency and respectable approaches have to be maintained by each and every member of it CITATION Chr12 \l 1033 (Chris, 2012). This addresses the foundational ethical values which determine the healthy and admirable social understanding that leads to making the life comfortable and respectable for all individuals irrespective of their backgrounds. Rewards and punishments are determined for each individual and he has to undergo through those according to his personality and behavior. For instance, in a corporate meeting, if anyone wears a dress that is not accepted according to the norms of that particular social gathering, he is bound to be ridiculed. And then it becomes obvious that his behavior will immediately be controlled by shame. Similarly, if one raises his voice and addresses any corrupt structure of a particular society, he is admired by the majority of individuals. Informal control helps an individual to adopt the idea that committing a crime is not approved by society and that he will cause harm to himself and to the whole society including people he loves by committing a c rime. Neighbors and parents keep a close eye on the activities of the children so that those children opt out of obtaining some undesired qualities which can lead them to be noted as 'offenders' in the society CITATION Geo25 \l 1033 (Mead, 1925). Thus, through several ways, informal control can play a significant role to contain crime rates to a low level.But, informal social control has problems of its own. There are serious issues and those have to be addressed regularly. Arguments have been presented on the facts and on influencing factors that supposedly control the system of informal social control. Whereas a scholar like Barbara D. Warner holds the view that social ties have great importance and influence on the matter of controlling crime rates and domestic/non-domestic violence; an established social scientist like Robert J. Sampson (1986) writes that investigation of communities and crime fail to test a social control model and concentrate instead on social stratification . Varied arguments have been presented and we have to review and address them critically. Informal social control binds people together by enforcing the values of attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief. But where it fails, grave consequences are experienced. Sociologists hold the belief that, informal social control is much inferior and is of lesser significance than its formal counterpart. It is hard to demonstrate, analyze, discuss and examine various aspects of informal social control because it deals with multiculturalism, that means norms and regulations may vary according to varied cultures CITATION Ron01 \l 1033 (Weitzer, 2001). But there are constant facts that have great influence over it. A study on 411 working individuals was conducted by Farrington and West, and the outcome was amazing and concerning. The result of the study concluded that it is more likely that offenders would belong to such families with poor parents or lone-parent. So this is one fact where all fundamental propositions of informal social control fail. Such failures are not only limited to family backgrounds in accordance to parent-type, but there are other key factors like community, economic backgrounds, race and other factors. Thinkers like Durkheim refers to the community as a major factor in informal social control. The theory suggests that children, belonging to the underprivileged and socially deprived underclass community, are brought up with such notion and understanding that have no or very little concern about social values. Communities with social disruption are mainly characterized by their low rate of participation in social affairs. Here informal social control becomes ineffective. Moreover, theorists like Noam Chomsky have argued that informal control is corrupted by biased media. Powerful politicians, businessmen, other ideological, economic and religious lobbyists tend to use the modern media to influence public opinion through conveying opinions of t heir own, thus corrupting the informal social control.Criminologists have presented varied views on the importance and problems of informal social control. Many of them have argued that mobility, poverty, and heterogeneity undermine neighborhood connections and social links, which majorly contributes to the breakdown of informal social control resulting in the increase of crime rates inside society. The presence of informal social control can help to contain crime to some extent, but the absence of it results in the negative. Criminologists suggest that factors related to economic backgrounds have a key role to play in this matter. Studies have been conducted on several families in accordance with economic standards. The results shows very clearly that people belonging to poor economic backgrounds often lose their faith in the structure of the social system, and then they tend to involve in criminal activities for either having a good life in future days (only in the sense of good economic status) or to express their anger on the system by being an outlaw CITATION Mar78 \l 1033 (Marx Engels, 1978). Studies also show that, in contrast to people living in white communities, people belonging to black communities are often found to be the offenders in cases of homicide or robberies. Thus, race factor also plays a vital role. It has often been suggested that people commit a crime either for family failure or for the failure of the society. Informal social control cannot effectively influence such factors. This is why most criminologists find formal control as the more convenient and effective option than the informal one.For ages, various policies have been suggested to strengthen informal control. Early efforts were targeted to mobilize a w...

The Civil Rights Movement in the 1960’s Essay - 1269 Words

African Americans have been struggling for equality for many decades. It only seems that during the 1960?s is when there were actual significant advances made. This was about the same time that civil rights came into the political scene. Throughout the South, Blacks were still in the majority, but had no political power what so ever. The Civil Rights Movement gave African Americans a voice and a chance to make a difference. The 1960s helped open up hope and expectations for Black Americans. One of the most prominent men of his time, Martin Luther King Jr. was known as ?A national hero and a civil rights figure of growing importance? (Discovering 1). ?Martin Luther King Jr. aroused whites and blacks to protest racial†¦show more content†¦wanted to fight racism with love and Malcolm X wanted blacks to fight back when they were attacked. ?He was one of the most fiery and controversial blacks of the twentieth century? (Discovering 1). ?Malcolm X, was regarded as personifying black nationalism? (Civil 117). ?Malcolm was known for his incisive analysis on the problems of American democracy and the limitations of the intergrationalist Civil Rights Movement? (Civil 116). He believed that black men must reject Western society standards and develop their own society and ethical standards (Colliers 143). He established the Organization of Afro-American Unity. He did this in order to try to unify all the black organizations by fighting white racism (Colliers 143). M alcolm wanted to inform blacks about the cultures that had been taken away from them and the self-hatred the whites had inspired (Discovering 1). He wanted to point them to a better way of life. ?The black power movement to instill pride and a sense of self reliance in the African American community? (Comptons 132). Many organizations helped to throughout the Civil Rights Movement. Many of these organizations were lead by black activist seeking reform. One of the most successful organizations is the NAACP. This stands for the National Association of Colored Advancement. Roy Wilkins was the head of the NAACP during this time (Civil 909). The NAACP purpose was to eliminate racial prejudice by removing racialShow MoreRelatedThe Civil Rights Movement Of The 1960 S1077 Words   |  5 Pagesmany social changes that have occurred. The Civil Rights Movement of the 1960’s was one of the most significant and important for the equality of all people. Since the abolition of slavery in 1863, there had been a continuous conflict between the races of people who live in the United States. African Americans have a history of struggles because of racism and prejudices. Ever since the end of the Civil War, they struggled to benefit from their full rights that the Constitution promised. Jim Crow wasRe ad MoreThe Civil Rights Movement of the 1960’s974 Words   |  4 Pagesof the 1960s, the goal of the Civil Rights Movement, led by Martin Luther King, Jr., was to end legal segregation and to integrate society. His strategy to achieve these goals was non-violent protest. By the end of the 1960s, the Civil Rights Movement moved from integration to black separatism, and the strategy of the movement changed from non-violent methods to a militant style of protest. This change in strategy had a deep impact in the opinions and support of white people for the Civil RightsRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement During The 1960 S1224 Words   |  5 Pagesand negative effects on the people of the US.   During the 1960’s there were a lot of changes and one of these major changes was know as The Civil Rights Movement.   The civil rights movement was a movement created by African Americans to achieve rights equal to white people and have equal opportunity in housing, employmen t, education, the right to vote, and to not be segregated.   This movement had many important leaders that helped get rights for African Americans.   The book â€Å"Tambourines To Glory† isRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement During The 1960 S1368 Words   |  6 PagesThe American South in the 1960 s and Ancient Thebes both had a rigid social and legal system that did not effectively and legitimately represent the majority of its citizens. In both eras, an antihero rose up to defy the establish system. Dr. King, in the 1960 s, protested unjust laws and was jailed and viewed as an antagonist. Similarly, in Ancient Thebes, Antigone is sentenced to death for doing what she believes is right, regardless of the law. If Dr. King failed, he stood to lose, in additionRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement in the 1960’s Essay1796 Words   |  8 Pages The 1960’s were one of the most significant decades in the twentieth century. The sixties were filled with new music, clothes, and an overall change in the way people acted, but most importantly it was a decade filled with civil rights movements. On February 1, 1960, four black freshmen from North Carolina Agriculture and Technical College in Greensboro went to a Woolworth’s lunch counter and sat down politely and asked for service. The waitress refused to serve them and the students remainedRead MoreEssay on The Civil Rights Movement in the 1960’s447 Words   |  2 PagesFighting for Civil Rights during the 60s The struggle began with non-violent protests. Backed by students, the civil rights movement trudged onward. African Americans staged mass protests to show their support. Despite all this, many racial barriers still remained in the South. Black objectives were redefined in the 60s when militant black consciousness developed. The great society emerged providing hope for all. Liberal optimism swept the nation and liberalism influenced internationallyRead More Students and the Civil Rights Movement During the 1960s Essay1036 Words   |  5 Pages The 1960s was a decade of tremendous social and political upheaval. In the United States, many movements occurred by groups of people seeking to make positive changes in society. During this decade, the Civil Rights movement continued to gain momentum. The black community was continually persecuted and discriminated against by prejudice white individuals and figures of authority. Blacks everywhere struggled to end discrimination. They demanded the right to vote, to receiveRead MoreRacial Segregation During The 1960 s Civil Rights Movement Essay2048 Words   |  9 PagesA primary technique used to overcome racial segregation during the 1960’s Civil Rights Movement in the United States was direct action. One of the most influential leaders of the Civil Rights Movement was Martin Luther King Junior who is known for his use of nonviolent direct action, which often entailed the violation of laws as an act of civil disobedience. On April 16, 1963, King composed his â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail,† where he accepted the consequences for his disobedience against the BirminghamRead MoreSocial Changes During The 1960 S1254 Words   |  6 Pa gesThe 1960’s was a decade filled with change in the existing conditions of the social, political, and economic spectrums. These social changes involved challenges to the conservative status quo of the time. Parts that contributed to this social revolution were new developments in the Feminist Movement, the Civil Rights Movement, and a rebellious counterculture. The political changes of this time period were embodied by the continuation and extension of the Vietnam War, new laws pertaining to civil rightsRead MoreReasons For The Civil Rights Movement1436 Words   |  6 PagesWhen did the Civil Rights Movement begin in earnest in Buffalo? The Civil Rights Movement In Buffalo was weak and many people were quiet and conservative. It was less a Movement than a group of scattered individuals, primarily black and Jewish. This Civil Rights Movement happened in the late 1960’s and early 1970’s. Some people believed that this movement began in Western New York. African Americans faced many social problems during this time period, which demonstrated the significance of organizing

Beowulf Close Reading Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 909 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/05/08 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Beowulf Essay Did you like this example? Many authors tend to put symbolism in stories to portray something that plays an important role later in events, such as in the epic Beowulf. In this epic, the author uses symbolism to portray the stages of Beowulfs life through a battle involving himself and the antagonists, Grendel and Grendels mother. Reading this text through a mythological lens reveals a deeper symbolic meaning of the fight between Beowulf, Grendel, and Grendels mother, that may change ones perspective of Beowulf and the battle, in which portrayed the stages of Beowulfs life, specifically his youth and adulthood. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Beowulf Close Reading Essay" essay for you Create order Leading up to the battle, Beowulf is viewed as this monumental hero, with outstanding physical strength. It is said that this fighting man in his hands grasp had the strength of thirty other men (Beowulf 45). Beowulf portrays such strength during his battle with Grendel, in which he gives Grendel a death grasp after he attacked and ate some of the soldiers in the mead hall and an attempt to attack Beowulf, not knowing what to expect. While being held down by Beowulf, Grendel uttered, he had not met, on middle earths extremest acres, with any man of harder hand-grip (Beowulf 53-54). A person at youth is usually viewed as stronger and braver than a person who is elder than them. In relation to Beowulf, the strength he used in the mist of him fighting Grendel, can be symbolized as Beowulf in his youth, where he is brave and is at his greatest strength. During the battle, the word Bewail is used to express the struggling of Grendel trying to escape Beowulfs grasp. According to the English Oxford Dictionary, the word bewail can be defined as to express great sorrow for; to lament loudly, mourn (bewail, v2). After a while of bewailing, Grendel finally escaped Beowulfs death grasp. When Beowulf won the fight, he was granted glory and attention from everyone in the mead-hall. Younger people tend to have a trait where they loan for attention and make it a point to prove themselves to people. In relation to Beowulf, he fought Grendel for Hrothgar, to prove to his people that he is brave and that and can take on Grendel without weapons, which plays back to the traits of a younger person who is destined to prove a point that they are brave and have the strength to accomplish whatever they put their mind to. Later in the epic, Beowulf then comes across the Mother of Grendel, which represents his adulthood. When one reaches adulthood, they get more watchful and doesnt take as many risks as they once did when they were younger. Grendels Mother is described as stronger and much more powerful than her son Grendel. When she and Beowulf were fighting Beowulf had a hard time beating her. So, he fought with a mail armor and sword. In connection to adulthood, Beowulf having a hard time beating her could symbolize problems grownups face and have no choice, but to stand up to and fight no matter how challenging it may be. In his previous battle, Beowulf went in without any weapons, to try and prove a point to his people that he can take on Grendel without weapons, as so Grendel said he could do the same. This connects to his transition into adulthood because adults get more defensive and uptight about certain things more than what they used to when they were younger. In Beowulfs case, he became more defensive and waited until problems approached him before acting, instead of being risky and jumping into battle, as he did with Grendel. After the countless struggles Beowulf faced in the fight, he still managed to conquer them and win the fight. In result of Beowulf winning this battle, Hrothgar stated that he shall reward the deed, as [he] did before, with wealthy gifts of wreathed ore, treasures from the hoard (Beowulf 67-68). This represents his adulthood because, in response to Hrothgars offer, Beowulf responds with, Bear your grief, wise one! It is better for a man to avenge his friend than to refresh his sorrow (Beowulf 68). Beowulfs response shows that when one reaches adulthood, the bribing of gifts and rewards doesnt have much influence on them as it once did when they were younger. Adults arent really impacted or motivated by rewards, but mostly by the resulting effects after whatever battle their fighting. Beowulf uses the word renown to portray his words of wisdom to Hrothgar. Beowulf told Hrothgar, As we all may expect to leave our life on this earth, we must earn some renown, if we can, before death (Beowulf 68). According to the English Oxford Dictionary, the word renown can be defined as, the fact or condition of being widely known or talked about, or held in high esteem or repute; celebrity, fame; honour, distinction (renown, n1). This connects to Beowulfs adulthood because adults tend to think deeper into things and grasp a deeper meaning to certain things a younger person would usually look over and think nothing of. Beowulf uses these words of wisdom to show how he had matured since the fight with Grendel because he is now wiser and takes fewer risks. Overall, the symbolism portrayed through the battles Beowulf fought, shows that by reading things in a different perspective could open a persons eyes to many adventures that one would look over if they simply read without a closer reading and opened mindset to the passage.

Scholarly Paper

Almost every person who has ever faced the educational or scientific activities knows what a scholarly paper is. It is the appropriate source for finding what has been researched or studied on a topic. However, it is a standard practice of the educational establishments to ask a student to write the scholarly paper. As a result, it is important to be aware of the structure of the scholarly paper as well as to know what to include in the article and what to exclude. Structure of the Scholarly Paper The relevant scholarly paper should adhere the classic structure, which consists of an abstract, introductory material, literature review, methodology, main body of the paper, and a conclusion. A 100-word abstract must accompany the article as a short description of its content. The introductory material is the first section of the scholarly paper; thus, it should clearly set out the issue that the paper resolves. Moreover, this section must include the description of how the author plans to address the question, and why it is worth resolving in the first place. Consequently, this section includes the introductory paragraph, thesis statement, and a background information. The literature review is the second section, and it provides the relevant context for the study. The methodology section, in turn, depends on the type of paper and is dedicated to the description of the methods used in the research as well as the ways of gathering and analyzing the data. Next, depending on the type of the scholarly paper, the main body could be the quantitative findings, the case study, the actual points of discussion, or the qualitative history. Finally, the conclusion must be the comprehensive summary of findings and ideas based on the analyzed materials built in a logical and considerable manner. Points Important to Consider Scholarly paper differs from other types of legal writing in audience, purpose, stance, scope, and use of technical materials. In the context of purpose, it is important to remember that the scholarly paper can have several purposes; however, there must be some overriding topic. Next, it is worth remembering that the scholarly paper is written for multiple audiences. Thus, the diverse audience is a vital point while creating the purpose and synthesizing the substance of the paper. The scope of the scholarly paper is another thing that must be taken into account in order to create the successful scholarly paper. The topic of the paper needs to be sufficiently narrowed so that the legal readers will appreciate the paper’s presentation. The stance, in turn, is aimed at communicating the message to the client via tone and voice. Choosing the stance is impossible without choosing the purpose and audience. The list of possible stances includes such features as aggressive, firm, caut ious, candid, helpful, patient, indignant, conciliatory, apologetic, and others. Things to Avoid Writing the efficient scholarly paper envisages using various rules and avoiding numerous pitfalls. For instance, the relevant scholarly paper will never contain the contractions such as â€Å"didn’t† or â€Å"wouldn’t†. Moreover, it is important to try not using the passive voice in the scholarly article, because it blurs the responsibility, which is not recommended for the professional writing. Furthermore, the scholarly writer does not apply first or second person, incomplete sentences, imprecise language, and excessive wordiness and quotations. Finally, the scholarly paper should never contain the misprints; thus, the process of proofreading is obligatory for everyone who writes such type of articles.

Animal Farm/ Pov Essay - 1549 Words

English Essay 3. Of all of the characters in Animal Farm, are there any who seem to represent the point of view of the author? Which of the animals or people do you think come(s) closest to achieving Orwells perspective on Animal Farm? George Orwell brings to life many characters in the novel Animal Farm. He introduces very interesting characters like Boxer, Benjamin, and Napoleon. All of which are very interesting, however, none of them fully represent Orwell’s point of view. In Animal Farm, Orwell shows the reader the revolution as a glorious thing in the beginning then he turns Napoleon into a dictator, which causes the revolution to take a turn for the worse and in the end it is considered to have failed completely. It is†¦show more content†¦This is obvious in some cases like with Napoleon as he was described in the story as someone who is â€Å"not much of a talker but with a reputation of getting his own way†(9), this is very similar to the actual Napoleon who actually took his crown away from the pope at his coronation to show his power and get his way. Squealer description in the novel said, â€Å"He was a brilliant talker†(9). That was practically his job throughout the whole novel he was as his name suggests a squealer also known as a person who â€Å"give short cry†(the Mac dictionary). Then there was Snowball, he was described as â€Å"a more vivacious pig than Napoleon, quicker in speech and more inventive, but was not considered to have the same depth of character†(9). His name and his description suggest that he is a cheerful pig and that he was more spirited and fun than other pigs. Another interesting thing is that when a person throws a snowball to a wall it crumbles and the same goes for Snowball when he’s confronted with true power he crumbles. This shows that the author’s view is more inclined towards Snowball since the author described him in a more positive way than other animals. He also pointed out quite clearly how Snowball is better than Napoleon with three positive qualities that Napoleon didn’t have while he only mentioned one quality that Napoleon had over Snowball and he did it in a subtle way, as if he was trying not to point out the badShow MoreRelatedUndernutrition10134 Words   |  41 Pagesforever?  Ã‚   We must continue to work with diverse sectors and forge innovative multi-sectoral collaborations to turn the tide on hunger.   The idea of multi-sectoral collaborations is nothing new – they are the hallmark of how we have gotten food from the farm to our fork.   Take a moment and think about the journey of a banana. How many players are involved in getting that banana to your table? * Farmers:  Farmers in countries such as Ecuador, Costa Rica, and India grow bananas and export them to markets

Hannibal’s Crossing of the Alps Free Essays

Hannibal’s crossing of the Alps is one of history’s most remarkable military achievements even to this day. There are many accounts of the crossing of the Alps and what happened during those weeks and we can only speculate and use the sources and information that has lived through the decay of time. Our main primary sources that historians use to piece together the crossing of the Alps are by two of Rome’s most famous historians, Polybius and Livy. We will write a custom essay sample on Hannibal’s Crossing of the Alps or any similar topic only for you Order Now Polybius was a very rounded and mostly non-biased historian who got out of his way to travel to his locations to document facts and information which he used in his text and who lived during the time of the First and Second Punic Wars. On the other hand we have Livy who was a very pro-Roman historian who had documented his facts based on other historians who were before him as he lived almost 200 years after the Punic wars. When we compare the two accounts by both historians we tend to believe and rely more on the accounts made by Polybius as we know him as a reliable and fairly non-biased source whereas Livy was very biased towards Rome and based his information off of other historians. Although we see Polybius as the more reliable source, Livy does come up with some points that concern the crossing that are quite conflicting with the information presented to us by Polybius. By analysing both of these accounts we can get a better understanding of the crossing of Hannibal’s crossing of the Alps. Polybius who was a very reliable historian who we know lived around 200-118 BC during the time of the two Punic Wars provided a very detailed account of both Punic wars and Hannibal’s crossing of the Alps. Polybius is known for his determination to get actual factual evidence and firsthand knowledge of events that occurred. He resided in Rome for most of his life and occasionally undertaking long journeys throughout the Mediterranean to get knowledge on historical sites and interview primary sources who were actually at the events. Polybius’s works (The Histories) documents the events between 264 and 146 BC which mainly involved the rise of the Roman Empire and the effort in which they went to subdue their rival Carthage. Polybius documents the First and Second Punic wars with incredible detail and is our main source for the wars, although Livy also provides some very important facts and information. Titus Livius Patavinus (59 BC – AD 17) (more commonly known as Livy) we know as to be a very pro- Roman historian who can be seen as very biased towards the Romans and paints them in an honourable and almighty glow within his texts. Some of his texts we can see as just plain lies and so we are reluctant to solely use Livy’s information to base our research and understanding around. Livy wrote a complete history of Rome from its very foundations all the way up to the reign of Augustus in Livy’s own time but the only surviving work of his is the â€Å"History of Rome†. During the reign of Augustus Livy wrote his texts emphasizing the accomplishments and triumphs of Rome, and wrote everything with a pro-Roman view to promote a new type of government which was implemented by the emperor Augustus. With that being said a lot of Livy’s texts and accounts mislead to reader into taking a Roman view and often cut out pieces of information which would downgrade the view on Rome, and so we have come to rely more on Polybius’s accounts than Livy’s, although Livy does also provide many accounts and descriptions of events that are unavailable elsewhere and so his texts and reports are still highly valued is one of the main sources we have. Both Polybius’s and Livy’s accounts of Hannibal’s crossing of the Alps can be seen to have many similarities and so we can determine that the same source and information has been used. Although there are many similarities between the two there are also some differences which can be seen throughout both texts. For example when Hannibal is crossing the Alps and he soon finds his path blocked by a pile of rocks Livy states that he uses Vinegar and Fire to break through the rock. Polybius says nothing of the subject and up to this day there has been no evidence of rock that has been carbonized at the site in which Livy had stated. Livy’s accounts of the crossing were very much the same as Polybius’s although we can see in some parts of Livy’s work that his Roman bias has written the work for him. When Hannibal was making a speech to his men after their crossing of the Rhone Polybius wrote that Hannibal spoke of their past achievements and that the hardest part of their journey was already over, but according to Livy Hannibal told his men that they were going to be fighting against the most powerful and grandest city in the world. This was not the case in Hannibal’s time and so we can clearly see that Livy had just created a false fact and account just to paint Rome in a brighter light. Livy’s biased for Rome is something that constantly alters Livy’s accounts. Much of Hannibal’s ascent and crossing of the Alps documented by Polybius and Livy are very similar with only a few minor alterations in the accounts of some events which took place. The main reason why the accounts of some events are different is mainly because of Livy’s biased and attitude towards Rome which makes him document the account and alter it in such a way that it paints Rome in a sense of glory and success. Another main reason which dictates the differences of the accounts is that Polybius who lived during the time of these events could go to places and get a firsthand experience and knowledge of the event by interviewing the people involved and taking notes on the actual location whereas Livy who lived a long time after the crossing had to rely on other peoples accounts and could not get firsthand knowledge on a lot of the events. The crossing of the Alps is a fairly well documented event during the Second Punic war and one that is the most remarkable. Polybius and Livy both have very detailed accounts of the crossing and we rely on this information to piece together Hannibal’s crossing of the Alps. Although some of the facts of the crossing remain disputed and unknown we have sufficient information between both sources to have a good understanding of the crossing. Both historians give a lot of information on the crossing although we tend to use Polybius’s account as it is more reliable and he had firsthand experience and knowledge whereas we know Livy to be a very pro-Roman and did not live during the event but many years later. Both accounts of the crossing have proved to be very useful for our understanding of Hannibal’s crossing of the Alps. How to cite Hannibal’s Crossing of the Alps, Essay examples

Galaxies Essay Research Paper When you look free essay sample

Galaxies Essay, Research Paper When you look at a distant galaxy, you are non merely seeing into infinite, but far into the yesteryear as good. The visible radiation from one of the galaxies we see today really started its journey toward Earth more than two? million old ages ago. The find of galaxies [ 1 ] began in the early 1400? s by Polish uranologists and continues to be studied today. Knowing as we do today that the existence is conformable to probe, and that telescopes can analyze 1000000s of galaxies at distances of 1000000s of visible radiation? old ages. [ 2 ] Though they shine with visible radiation of many one million millions of Suns, most galaxies are so distant that they look weak. There are merely three galaxies seeable to the bare oculus from the surface of the Earth. These are the two Magellanic Clouds, which lie in the southern skies and the Andromeda Galaxy, whose tenuous freshness was competently described by a seventeenth? century perceiver. The signifier and assortment of galaxies differ in size and mass. Normal galaxies or, often-called coiling galaxies are largely big. The general anatomy can be described in three ways: a cardinal part or egg-shaped ( based on the form and centered upon the karyon ) , and a spherical aureole or aura, composed chiefly of old midget stars [ 3 ] and a ball-shaped bunch [ 4 ] . Coiling galaxies are likely formed from elephantine clouds of quickly whirling H gases. Some of the gases pulled to the centre by gravitation and condensed into stars. The revolving disc of gases and stars form weaponries [ 5 ] and that is what gives the galaxy its coiling form. Egg-shaped galaxies far outnumber the coiling galaxies. An egg-shaped galaxy looks like a squashed ball. The Centaurus A [ 6 ] is an egg-shaped galaxy. It is one of the brightest and largest galaxies known, with three times as many stars as our galaxy. Scientist think that the centre of this galaxy is sing elephantine detonations of million of stars hurtling out clouds of hot gas. The cardinal part is hidden by a dark set made of dust and gas. Our Sun and its planets lie in the environments of the Milky Way Galaxy. The Milky Way is formed by one million millions of stars. It is something that resembles a way or river consequence due to the fact that like any other normal coiling galaxies it is flattened in signifier. The visible radiation of The Milky Way is more intense in one way, toward the configuration [ 7 ] Sagittarius in the southern skies of Earth. Dark rifts meander through the Milky Way. We now know that dark cloud of dust and gas that blocks the visible radiation from the stars that lie beyond them. The construction of the Milky Way is a planate disc that we know now to be the disc of our galaxy. Its visual aspect from our vantage point is that of a wide river of light stretching across the sky and glowing with the combined visible radiations of countless stars. The Milky Way lies toward the centre of our galaxy. Our Sun is more than halfway of our galaxy, so the richest star Fieldss from our vantage points are those we see when we look back towards the centre. The Local Group is the nearest galaxies to us. They are called the Magellanic Clouds. They are called Magellanic by virtuousness of them holding been introduced to the western civilisation by the crew of Ferdinand Magellan. Their find made it possible to set up the clouds that were excessively distant to be portion of our galaxy. The big Magellanic Cloud is about 150,000 light old ages, the little Magellanic Cloud is about 250,000 light old ages from the Sun. Less than 100,00 light old ages separate, the two clouds. The orbit of the Magellanic Clouds lie good within the gravitative field of our galaxy and orbits it as orbiters. This agreement of little galaxies playing tribunal to big one is common in the existence. The coiling like the Milky Way plays host of several orbiters. The orbit of the Magellanic Clouds are larger than others. The big cloud have about 15 billion stars and the little has approximately five billion. The orbits of the Magellanic Cloud are marked by an tremendous river of cold H gases, the Magellanic Stream. [ 8 ] The Andromeda galaxy and the Milky Way constitute an illustration of one of nature most grandiose creative activity, that is a brace of coiling galaxies. The Andromeda is the largest of the brace and has about twice the mass of the Milky Way. They rotate in complementary ( one clockwise and the other is revolving counterclockwise ) waies. This features of their relationship, found in many other braces of spirals lends support to the hypothesis that the two galaxies formed at or around the same clip. Similarities between the two galaxies are abundant. Both are at a cardinal part composed largely of old stars and expansive level disc populated by 10s of one million millions of stars of widely assorted ages and chemical composings cause dust? loaded spiral weaponries. Each galaxy is attended by two outstanding orbiter galaxies plus less outstanding orbiters. The plane of each galaxy is inclined to the other at about the same angle. With the finds that are made each twenty-four hours, this will convey us closer to cognize more about our great, cryptic galaxy. The future holds many replies to ours inquiry about our galaxy. How many galaxies are out at that place? Scientist suggest there are more than five one million millions galaxies. Possibly there are other existences out at that place, possibly even different life # 8211 ; signifiers. The finds in our existence will neer halt. Galaxies Any of legion big? scale sums of stars, gas, and dust that constitute the existence incorporating an norm of 100 billion solar multitudes and runing in diameter from 1500 to 300,00 light old ages. Light Old ages The distance that light travels in a vacuity in one twelvemonth, about 9.46 trillion kilometres or 5.88 trillion stat mis. Dwarf Stars A star, such as the Sun, holding comparatively low mass, little size and norm or below mean brightness. Ball-shaped Cluster a system of star by and large smaller in size than a galaxy, that is more or less ball-shaped in conformation Weaponries The revolving disc of gas that gives the galaxy its coiling form Centaurus A A configuration in the Southern Hemisphere Configuration A orbitrary formation of stars perceived as a figure or design particularly one of the 88 recognized groups named after characters from classical mythology and assorted common animate beings and objects. Magellanic Stream Orbit of the Magellanic Clouds that are marked by an tremendous river of cold H gas.

The Harlem Renaissance and Langston Hughes Essay Example For Students

The Harlem Renaissance and Langston Hughes Essay The Harlem Renaissance and Langston HughesThe Harlem Renaissance was a great and powerful era in black history, It was an African American cultural movement of the 1920s and early 1930s that was centered in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City (Harlem Renaissance). Langston Hughes wrote Blues and Jazz flourished throughout the streets of New York, and young black artists began to arise . . . (63). An important part of this era had to be the inspirational writings of Langston Hughes. James Mercer Langston Hughes, born in Joplin, Missouri, February 1, 1902, was raised by his grandmother after his parents divorced (Sporre 551). He graduated from high school in Cleveland, Ohio and went off to Mexico to live with his father for fifteen months (Jackson 1). While in Mexico, Hughes lived a very rural life and wrote many of his first poems which, although never published, began to distinguish him as a writer. Hughes attended Columbia University for one year, then returned to home for a sh ort period in 1923 before he joined the crew of the SS Malone bound for Africa (A Salute to Hughes). From there he visited many places including Paris, Venice and Genoa before once again returning to America to live in Harlem, New York, in November 1924 (Andrews 65-69). While working in Washington D.C. as a busboy, Hughes left three of his poems beside the plate of Vachel Lindsey, an American poet, who liked Hughes poetry and helped him publicize his writings (Jackson 3). Hughes first book of poetry, The Weary Blues, was published by Alfred A. Knopf in 1926 (Langston Hughes). He was a great writer who completed a two volume autobiography, and edited many anthologies and pictorial volumes. Hughes dazzled writing for forty years and never gave up protesting for the rights of African Americans. He gave many motivational speeches across the nation supporting the black movement. Hughes continued his career publishing many books of poetry and prose. Langston Hughes went on to inspire the world through his literature until his death in Harlem on May 22, 1967 (Sporre 551). We will write a custom essay on The Harlem Renaissance and Langston Hughes specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Living in Harlem, he soon discovered the culture and literary circle of the Harlem Renaissance. As best said in the Norton Anthology of African American Literature, Hughes brought the spirit of the African American people to life, using blues and jazz as the basis of his poetic expressions . . . (Andrews 1252). This is evident in some works such as The Negro Speaks of Rivers, and The Weary Blues. Most of his influences came from fellow black writers. Names such as, Dubois, Locke, Jesse Redmonfaset, Jean Toomer, Arna Bontemps, and Carl Van Vechten, inspired Hughes in his form and writing style (Andrews 929-930). His poems often portrayed the trials, tribulations, struggles and thoughts of a young Negro growing up in the twenties through sixties. His main goal was to express concern about the treatment of African Americans in this country, and to pursue civil and social justice. One of his most famous works is his continuing sage of Jesse B. Semple, also known as Simple. Hughes wrote c olumns about this fictional character, who dealt with very non-fictional problems. Jesse, who was really Hughes voice, expressed the views and ideas of young black Americans (Andrews 1252-1253). Creating Simple to be smart, strong witted and wise, allowed Hughes to publish and undermine the standard of our pretentious society, while ironically and humorously pointing out the hypocritical nature of American Racism (Andrews 1257-1263). Hughes went on writing four series of writings about Simple. Hughes used a variety of themes in both his poetry and his prose. Nathan Irvin Huggins wrote His voice was very moving when he read his poems publicly. His voice was both rich and poetic and gave strong inspiration and love to the black community (Andrews 1253). One work of his is particularly interesting. It shows the emotion and creativeness of the Harlem Renaissance in a few short lines. Hughes named this poem Cross. .uf3a6414ee009119988d0545b33b4a2c5 , .uf3a6414ee009119988d0545b33b4a2c5 .postImageUrl , .uf3a6414ee009119988d0545b33b4a2c5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf3a6414ee009119988d0545b33b4a2c5 , .uf3a6414ee009119988d0545b33b4a2c5:hover , .uf3a6414ee009119988d0545b33b4a2c5:visited , .uf3a6414ee009119988d0545b33b4a2c5:active { border:0!important; } .uf3a6414ee009119988d0545b33b4a2c5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf3a6414ee009119988d0545b33b4a2c5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf3a6414ee009119988d0545b33b4a2c5:active , .uf3a6414ee009119988d0545b33b4a2c5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf3a6414ee009119988d0545b33b4a2c5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf3a6414ee009119988d0545b33b4a2c5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf3a6414ee009119988d0545b33b4a2c5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf3a6414ee009119988d0545b33b4a2c5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf3a6414ee009119988d0545b33b4a2c5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf3a6414ee009119988d0545b33b4a2c5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf3a6414ee009119988d0545b33b4a2c5 .uf3a6414ee009119988d0545b33b4a2c5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf3a6414ee009119988d0545b33b4a2c5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Macbeth Essay PaperIf ever I cursed my black old motherMy old man died in a fine big house. Being neither white nor black? (Andrews 1254). This poem explores the emotions and troubles of a young man born into a world of confusion. Confused by his heritage but arrogant in his pride. He is growing up in the whirl of a white society, and cannot decide whether he is white or black. Hughes, using a black mother and white father, makes it easy for the reader to understand and almost foresee where this poem is going. It is evident that there is an inner sense of not belonging. He fells remorse for all the curses and bad wishes he said to his parents, now that they have died. This all part of a bigger problem. Now that his parents are both deceased, he has no one turn to. He cant seem to figure out whether he is going to die in riches, or rags. This is the great dilemma Hughes presents to the reader, leaving them in query to this unanswerable question. He cannot seem to find any truth in himself whatsoever. Huggins had this to say of the poem, This child is and forever will be lost in his own identity. Hughes uses this boys str uggle symbolically, not to show the pressures of a crossed child, but rather to show how we as a society stereotype the races (102-103). The white father dying in a fine house, whereas the mother dies in a shack, depicts the common view of the white race as being a more upscale and richer society, and the black culture oppressed in poverty and forever bound to the slums of the world. These questions and emotion are what made the Harlem Renaissance such an important movement for black America. For the first time in history, critics started taking a serious look at African American literature, and African American literature and arts attracted significant attention from the nation at large. This was what distinguished Hughes as a writer, a playwright and an activist. The Harlem Renaissance combined many great writers. Andrew P. Jackson wrote Langston Hughes, in my opinion, may be considered the most powerful among the many . . . some said it was his voice, others said it was his love for the Negro, but its clear that it was his ability to enhance our love of humanity (2). Bibliography:Works CitedA Salute to Hughes. Smithsonian Institution. 1997 Smithsonian Institution. 20 Nov 2000. . Andrews, William, et al. The Norton Anthology of African American Literature. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1997. Harlem Renaissance. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2000.1997-2000 Microsoft Corporation. 19 Nov 2000. . Huggins, Nathan Irvin. Harlem Renaissance. New York: Oxford UP, 1973. Hughes, Langston. I Wonder As I Wander: An Autobiographical Journey. New York: Hill and Wang, 1956. Hughes, Langston. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2000.1997-2000 Microsoft Corporation. 20 Nov 2000. . Jackson, Andrew P. James Langston Hughes. ?1993-1998 Red Hot Jazz Inc. 22 Nov 2000. . Sporre, Dennis J. The Creative Impulse: An Introduction to the Arts. Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall, 2000.

How to Celebrate Even the Biggest Mistakes!

How to Celebrate Even the Biggest Mistakes! Big Mistakes in Big Companies In a famous 2010 tale, Zappos’ CEO Tony Hsieh chose not to fire an employee who had made a $1.6 million mistake. In another story, a CEO actually thanked the IT guy who caused the company’s site to go down (causing a loss of thousands of dollars per hour) for uncovering a systematic weakness that needed to be fixed. See Top 5 Reasons to Celebrate Mistakes at Work. My Blog Mistake I did not know these anecdotes until I sat down to write this blog about mistakes. Last week, as many of you are aware, I wrote a draft of my blog and sent it to my assistant with a request that she come up with an appropriate title for the article. She offered six suggestions, with her top pick being â€Å"3 Trends Effecting LinkedIn That You Need to Know.† I wrote back the following: I chose #3 [3 Ways LinkedIn Times are a Changin’] and updated the title on WordPress. Note it would be Affecting not Effecting!! The next thing I knew, the blog had gone out to my e-list with the original subject line, the word â€Å"Effecting† intact. Oops. The emails rolled in: I noticed a spelling mistake in your subject title. It should read 3 Trends Affecting LinkedIn†¦. I see this error a lot, but thought you might want to make a note of it. It should be 3 trends AFFECTING Did you use effecting rather than affecting on purpose? Living â€Å"Above the Line† My first response was â€Å"This is bad.† I mean, here I was, a writer and editor, making an error that I’ve actually blogged about in the past! See Top 7 Grammatical and Spelling Errors of 2012. But as I aim to do in my life, I looked at where the opportunity was in the face of this breakdown. I’ve taken plenty of personal growth courses where we are coached to say things like â€Å"Yay! I made a mistake!† So how could I, dare I say, celebrate this initially embarrassing mistake in my blog title? I issued a correction as soon as possible, thanking my readers for their eagle eyes and explaining what had happened. I did my best to convey an understanding that mistakes happen, and that I probably need another round of editorial proofing before sending out my blog. One message from a reader confirmed I had done the right thing: Love the graceful save you did on this you got it goin on, as they say, girl. Always a fan. When I can ever get a moment I want to work with you to update my LI profile! In the grand scheme of things, this was a small mistake. While I feared I might lose clients over it, since people count on me to know English grammar and spelling, I hope my correction set the record straight. No one was injured or taken advantage of as a result of this mistake. Celebrating Mistakes! Mistakes are the way we learn most in life. Looking back, I can see that my mistake last week was a testament to my ability to trust another person to do work for me! It would not have happened if I had not expanded my business to the point where I need an assistant. The mistake also showed me that many of my readers care and are paying attention. And I was given the opportunity to â€Å"play above the line,† issuing a correction that was gracious and non-blaming. I got to show my commitment to quality, and that I was unwilling to let something like this error go unaddressed! I recently spoke with someone who told me about a $250K mistake she once made at work. When she went to her boss expecting to be fired, she had another thing coming. He appreciated her honesty and let the monetary loss roll off his back. As he said, he could always make another $250K, but he would not be able to get her back. That’s how I feel about what happened with my assistant. I wouldn’t let this one mistake color my undying appreciation of what she does for me and how responsible she is when she does make a mistake! In fact, in the midst of writing this blog, I took a break to apologize to her for my initial â€Å"This is bad† response. I have a lot to learn about celebrating my own mistakes and the mistakes of the people around me. And I’d love to hear what you have learned in your life! How have you celebrated mistakes? How could you or someone around you have done better in their response to a mistake? I look forward to hearing what you have to share!

Battle of Eutaw Springs in the American Revolution

Battle of Eutaw Springs in the American Revolution The Battle of Eutaw Springs was fought September 8, 1781, during the American Revolution (1775-1783). Armies Commanders Americans Major General Nathanael Greene2,200 men British Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Stewart2,000 men Background Having won a bloody victory over American forces at the Battle of Guilford Court House on March 1781, Lieutenant General Lord Charles Cornwallis elected to turn east for Wilmington, NC as his army was short on supplies. Assessing the strategic situation, Cornwallis later decided to march north into Virginia as he believed the Carolinas could only be pacified after subjugating the more northern colony. Pursuing Cornwallis part of the way to Wilmington, Major General Nathanael Greene turned south on April 8 and moved back into South Carolina. Cornwallis was willing to let the American army go as he believed that Lord Francis Rawdons forces in South Carolina and Georgia were sufficient to contain Greene. Though Rawdon possessed around 8,000 men, they were scattered in small garrisons throughout the two colonies. Advancing into South Carolina, Greene sought to eliminate these posts and reassert American control over the backcountry. Working in conjunction with independent commanders such as Brigadier Generals Francis Marion and Thomas Sumter, American troops began capturing several minor garrisons. Though beaten by Rawdon at Hobkirks Hill on April 25, Green continued his operations. Moving to attack the British base at Ninety-Six, he laid siege on May 22. In early June, Greene learned that Rawdon was approaching from Charleston with reinforcements. After an assault on Ninety-Six failed, he was compelled to abandon the siege. The Armies Meet Though Greene had been forced to retreat, Rawdon elected to abandon Ninety-Six as part of a general withdrawal from the backcountry. As the summer progressed, both sides wilted in the regions hot weather. Suffering from ill-health, Rawdon departed in July and turned command over to Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Stewart. Captured at sea, Rawdon was an unwilling witness during the Battle of the Chesapeake in September. In the wake of the failure at Ninety-Six, Greene moved his men to the cooler High Hills of Santee where he remained for six weeks. Advancing from Charleston with around 2,000 men, Stewart established a camp at Eutaw Springs approximately fifty miles northwest of the city. Resuming operations on August 22, Greene moved to Camden before turning south and advancing on Eutaw Springs. Short on food, Stewart had begun sending out foraging parties from his camp. Around 8:00 AM on September 8, one of these parties, led by Captain John Coffin, encountered an American scouting force overseen by Major John Armstrong. Retreating, Armstrong led Coffins men into an ambush where Lieutenant Colonel Light-Horse Harry Lees men captured around forty of the British troops. Advancing, the Americans also captured a large number of Stewarts foragers. As Greenes army approached Stewarts position, the British commander, now alerted to the threat, began forming his men to the west of the camp. A Back and Forth Fight Deploying his forces, Greene used a formation similar to his earlier battles. Placing his North and South Carolina militia in the front line, he supported them with Brigadier General Jethro Sumners North Carolina Continentals. Sumners command was further reinforced by Continental units from Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware. The infantry was supplemented by units of cavalry and dragoons led by Lee and Lieutenant Colonels William Washington and Wade Hampton. As Greenes 2,200 men approached, Stewart directed his men to advance and attack. Standing their ground, the militia fought well and exchanged several volleys with the British regulars before yielding under a bayonet charge. As the militia began to retreat, Greene ordered Sumners men forward. Halting the British advance, they too began to waver as Stewarts men charged forward. Committing his veteran Maryland and Virginia Continentals, Greene stopped the British and soon began counterattacking. Driving the British back, the Americans were on the verge of victory when they reached the British camp. Entering the area, they elected to stop and pillage the British tents rather than continue the pursuit. As the fighting was raging, Major John Marjoribanks succeeded in turning back an American cavalry attack on the British right and captured Washington. With Greenes men preoccupied with looting, Marjoribanks shifted his men to a brick mansion just beyond the British camp. From the protection of this structure, they opened fire on the distracted Americans. Though Greenes men organized an assault on the house, they failed to carry it. Rallying his troops around the structure, Stewart counterattacked. With his forces disorganized, Greene was compelled to organize a rearguard and fall back. Retreating in good order, the Americans withdrew a short distance to the west. Remaining in the area, Greene intended to renew the fighting the next day, but wet weather prevented this. As a result, he elected to depart the vicinity. Though he held the field, Stewart believed his position was too exposed and began withdrawing to Charleston with American forces harassing his rear. Aftermath In the fighting at Eutaw Springs, Greene suffered 138 killed, 375 wounded, and 41 missing. British losses numbered 85 killed, 351 wounded, and 257 captured/missing. When members of the captured foraging party are added, the number of British captured totals around 500. Though he had won a tactical victory, Stewarts decision to withdraw to the safety of Charleston proved a strategic victory for Greene. The last major battle in the South, the aftermath of Eutaw Springs saw the British focus on maintaining enclaves on the coast while effectively surrendering the interior to American forces. While skirmishing continued, the focus of major operations shifted to Virginia where Franco-American forces won the key Battle of Yorktown the following month.

Social work paper on Walmart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social work paper on Walmart - Essay Example This paper discusses the positive and negative aspects of having a Wal-Mart store in your neighborhood. Wal-Mart become the largest firm the world by utilizing a business strategy that emphasis in supply chain superiority that translated in the firm being able to offer its customer a greater product variety and lower prices. The people in the community benefit as consumer of Wal-Mart because the company provides them savings in essential items for their family such as clothes, food, medicine and household merchandise. In small rural towns a Wal-Mart establishment provides a great advantage for the consumers because in these regions the amount of business activity and alternative buying options are limited, thus having a place where the consumer can purchase everything they need in the same store is tremendous. The families obtain transportation cost savings, a higher supply of products, and save time by choosing the Wal-Mart alternative. The presence of a Wal-Mart has a great impact in the community. These establishments create lots of jobs for people of all ages. These establishments occupy large physical facilities that generate high property taxes and million of dollars of annual sales which boost the tax collections of the towns and cities. The problem with Wal-Mart is that they hurt the retail activity of other business in the community which can not offer the same prices or product variety. The job creation a Wal-Mart offers for a community is offset by the job losses due the closure of small business as a consequence of Wal-Mart moving into the neighborhood. A study perform between 1977-1998 found that for every 100 jobs Wal-Mart creates, 50 retail jobs and 20 wholesale jobs are lost (Renkow, 2005). To add to the problem the community are downgrading the quality of the job creation since most of Wal-Mart job offering is for part-time workers. The

The Spectrochemical Series Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Spectrochemical Series - Lab Report Example Also ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), 16.00 g was dissolved in concentrated aqueous ammonia (NH4OH), 16 m ,there was formation of white suspension as a result of this. The dissolving process was done in separate beakers. The 2 solutions were then mixed in a casserole. These led to the formation of an orange solution. Following this, there was small increment addition of 4 ml of 30% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into this solution; this resulted to the formation of black solution with fizzing of oxygen gas. Lastly, the solution changed to maroon. The solution was heated on a steam bath until thick slurry was obtained; it was then put in an ice bath to cool. The rinsing of the solution was carried using 3 M hydrochloric acid (65 ml) in a 200 ml beaker and heated 10 minutes at 60?C. The solution was placed on an ice bath to cool and it was later filtered under a vacuum and the resulting precipitate was washed with acetone and cold water (iced). As a result of this there was formation of a pink pre cipitate. Week 2: There was addition of 2 M aqueous ammonia (NH4OH) (200 ml) in a beaker with the solid then heated to 50-60?C. this resulted to the formation of a cherry red solution. Then later, there was addition of concentrated hydrochloric acid (65 ml) to the solution. This resulted to the formation of white fumes. This solution was then heated for 10 min. ... Then later the precipitate was put at 110 ?C in an oven for 1 hour. Lastly, the solid mass was obtained using an electronic balance. Results and Discussion: Complex Formula of complex Color of solution Absorbance peak (nm) Splitting energy (J) A [Co(NH3)5Cl]2+ Pink 530.76 374519E-19 B [Co(NH3)6]3+ Orange 474.86 4.18228E-19 C [Co(NH3)5F]2+ (Not Given) 500-515 3.9756E-19 - 3.85981E-19 D [Co(NH3)5Br]2+ Purple 548.24 3.62578E-19 E [Co(NH3)5H2O]3+ Light red/orange 497.04 3.9994E-19 Table 1: Shows formulae of the complex, Solution Color, peak absorbance, and the splitting energy Of the 5 cobalt complexes employed in the experiment. Calculations (sample B): ?E = hc/? ? E = (6.626x10-34Js)(3x108m/s)/(474.86x10-9m) ? E = 4.18228E-19J Overall Reaction: 2CoCl2.6H2O +10NH4OH +2NH4Cl +H2O2 +3Cl- Â  ? 2[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 + 24H2O + NH3Â   Re-crystallized solid Mass = solid mass + vial mass) – vial mass =15.76 – 13.25 = 2.51 g Reactions: CoCl2Â ·6H2O ? [Co(H2O)6]2+ + 2 Cl- [Co(H2O)6]2+ (aq) + 2NH3(aq) ? [Co(OH)2(H2O)4](s) + 2NH4+(aq) [Co(OH)2(H2O)4](s) + 5NH3(aq)? [Co(NH3)5]2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) + 2OH?(aq) [Co(NH3)5]2+(aq)+ ? H2O2? [Co(NH3)5]3+ + OH- (aq) [Co(NH3)5]3+ + 3Cl- ?[Co(NH3)5Cl]2+ + 2Cl- ?[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 Mol of CoCl2.6H2O = mass/molar mass = 5.00/238 = 0.021008 mol CoCl2.6H2O : [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 = 2 : 2 = 1 : 1 Mol of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 = 0.021008 mol Mass of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 = 0.021008 X 250.5 = 5.26 g % yield = (actual yield / theoretical yield) X 100 = (2.51 / 5.26) X 100 = 47.71 % This experiment was able to determine the identity of each of these five cobalt complexes. Basing on the table information provided, the Cobalt complexes can be determined easily by arranging them according to wavelength from smallest to the largest: D < A < C < E < B This arrangement corresponds

Case Study of Low Blood Pressure

Case Study of Low Blood Pressure Mr Jones has a BP of 90/60. Please name the appropriate health terminology in relation to his BP. Normal Range = Hypotension Low blood pressure is referred to as hypotension, especially in the arteries of the systemic circulation. Hypotension is generally considered systolic blood pressure less than 90 millimetres of mercury (mmHg) or diastolic less than 60 mmHg. A persons blood pressure reading appears as two numbers. The first and higher of the two numbers is a measure of systolic pressure or the pressure in the persons arteries when their heart beats and fills them with blood. The second number measures diastolic pressure or the pressure in the persons arteries when their heart rests between beats. A desired blood pressure is less than 120/80. In people who are considered to be healthy, low blood pressure without experiencing any symptoms is commonly not a concern and does not need to be treated. Low blood pressure may be a sign of an underlying issue, particularly in the elderly, where it might cause inadequate blood flow to their heart, vital organs, and brain. Fortunately, chronic low blood pressure without symptoms is rarely serious. Health issues may happen, however, when a persons blood pressure suddenly drops and their brain is deprived of an adequate blood and oxygen supply. The condition may lead to light-headedness or dizziness. A sudden drop in blood pressure usually happens in a person who has risen from a prone or sitting position to a standing one. When this occurs it is referred to as, postural hypotension or orthostatic hypotension. Another type of low blood pressure may happen when a person stands for extended periods of time. This is referred to as, neurally-mediated hypotension. Postural hypotension is considered to be a failure of a persons cardiovascular system or nervous system to react appropriately to sudden changes. Usually, when a person stands up, some of their blood pools in their lower extremities. If this remains uncorrected, it would cause the persons blood pressure to fall or decrease. A persons body usually compensates by sending messages to their heart to beat faster and to their blood vessels to constrict, offsetting the drop in blood pressure. If this does not happen, or does not happen quickly enough, postural hypotension is the result. Blood Pressure and Aging The risk of low and high blood pressure commonly increases as a person ages due in part to changes during the aging process. The flow of blood to a persons heart muscle and brain declines as a person ages, many times as a result of plaque build-up in their blood vessels. While the causes of low blood pressure may not always be clear, it might be associated with things such as: Heart arrhythmias Heart failure Heat exhaustion or heat stroke Hormonal issues such as an under-active thyroid, diabetes, or low blood sugar Liver disease Pregnancy Some over-the-counter drugs Some prescription medications Widening of the blood vessels Causes of Sudden Drops in Blood Pressure Sudden drops in a persons blood pressure may be life-threatening. A number of different things may cause this type of hypotension. The causes of sudden drops in blood pressure may include: A reaction to alcohol or medication Anaphylaxis, a severe allergic reaction Heart muscle disease High body temperature Loss of blood Low body temperature Sepsis Severe dehydration from diarrhoea, vomiting, or fever People at Risk of Postural Hypotension Postural hypotension, or low blood pressure when a person stands up quickly, may happen to anyone for a number of reasons such as lack of food, dehydration, or simply being overly fatigued. It might also be influenced by a persons genetic make-up, medication, aging, psychological factors, dietary ones, or acute triggers such as allergy or infection. Postural hypotension happens most often in people who are taking medications to control high blood pressure or, hypertension. It may also be related to strong emotions, pregnancy, diabetes, or hardening of a persons arteries. Seniors are affected by postural hypotension in particular, especially seniors who experience high blood pressure or autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Hypotension after eating is a common cause of dizziness or even falls. It is most common after large meals containing a lot of carbohydrates. Medical science believes it is caused by blood pooling into a persons vessels in their stomach and intestines. A number of medications are associated with postural hypotension as well. The medications may be divided into two major categories: Medications used to treat high blood pressure such as beta-blockers, diuretics, calcium-channel blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors Medications that have hypotension as a side effect such as anti-psychotics, neuroleptics, nitrates, anti-anxiety agents, tricyclic antidepressants, sedative-hypnotics, and medications for Parkinsons disease Some causes of naturally occurring postural hypotension exist. For example, dehydration and electrolyte loss might result from vomiting, diarrhoea, excessive blood loss during menstruation, or other conditions. A persons age associated decline in blood pressure regulation is another example and is something that might worsen due to certain health conditions or medications. Some diseases may cause postural hypotension as well. Diseases such as Shy-Drager syndrome or, multiple system atrophy, nerve issues such as peripheral neuropathy or autonomic neuropathy, cardiovascular disorders, nutritional diseases, or alcoholism may cause postural hypotension. Blood Pressure Ranges Listed below are the ranges for Low (Table 1) Normal (Table 2) and High (Table 3) blood pressure respectively. Systolic pressure (mm Hg) Diastolic pressure (mm Hg) Pressure Range 90 60 Borderline Low blood Pressure 60 40 Too Low Blood Pressure 50 33 Dangerously Low Blood Pressure Table 1 Low Blood Pressure Range Systolic pressure (mm Hg) Diastolic pressure (mm Hg) Pressure Range 130 85 High Normal Blood Pressure 120 80 Normal Blood Pressure 110 75 Low Normal Blood Pressure Table 2 Normal Blood Pressure Range If one or both numbers are usually high, you have high blood pressure (Hypertension). Systolic pressure (mm Hg) Diastolic pressure (mm Hg) Stages of High Blood Pressure 210 120 Stage 4 180 110 Stage 3 160 100 Stage 2 140 90 Stage 1 Table 3 High Blood Pressure Range Figure 1Visual representation of Systolic and Diastolic Ranges       Age Systolic BP Diastolic BP 3-6 116 76 7-10 122 78 11-13 126 82 14-16 136 86 17-19 120 85 20-24 120 79 25-29 121 80 30-34 122 81 35-39 123 82 40-44 125 83 45-49 127 84 50-54 129 85 55-59 131 86 60+ 134 87 The average Systolic and Diastolic blood pressure is affected by age, as shown in Age Males (mmHg) Females (mmHg) 1 3 80/34 120/75 83/38 117/76 4 to 6 88/47 128/84 88/50 122/83 7 10 92/53 130/90 93/55 129/88 Table 4 Average Systolic and Diastolic Ranges of Neonates and Infants Table 5 Average Systolic and Diastolic Ranges of Children and Adults Mr Jones has a HR of 153. Please name the appropriate health terminology in relation to his HR reading. Normal Range = What is an arrhythmia? An arrhythmia is a disruption in the hearts normal electrical system which causes an abnormal or irregular heart beat for no apparent reason. Anyone can develop an arrhythmia, even a young person without a previous heart condition. However, arrhythmias are most common in people over 65 who have heart damage caused by a heart attack, cardiac surgery or other conditions. There are many types of arrhythmias, including: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Heartbeats that are too slow (bradycardia) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Heartbeats that are too fast (tachycardia) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Extra beats à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Skipped beats à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Beats coming from abnormal areas of the heart Typical symptoms Some arrhythmias may occur without any symptoms. Others may cause noticeable symptoms, such as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Chest pain à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Dizziness, sensation of light-headedness à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Fainting à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Fatigue à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Sensation of a missed or extra heart beat à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Sensation of your heart fluttering (palpitations) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Shortness of breath à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Weakness Figure 2 Location of Arterial Pulses where Heart Rate can be Detected Figure 3 Normal Heart Rate on an ECG Symptoms of Arrhythmias Symptoms of arrhythmias can vary widely from person to person. An arrhythmia may last for a few minutes, a few hours, a few days, even a few weeks at a time. Some people feel no symptoms at all. Most commonly, patients report feeling a rapid heartbeat, often described as a fluttering sensation. Depending on the severity of the arrhythmia, that may be the only symptom experienced. Others may experience shortness of breath, fatigue, dizziness or fainting. Types of Arrhythmias Arrhythmias that cause heartbeats that are too fast are called tachycardia. There are several different types of tachycardia, which are categorized by where they originate in the heart. Figure 4 Supraventricular Tachycardia Location and ECG Presentation Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT) is a general term describing any rapid heart rate originating above the ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart). The most common SVTs are described below. Atrial fibrillation (AF or AFib) is the most common SVT. During AF, the heartbeat produced by the atria is irregular and rapid, sometimes up to 4 times faster than normal. This impairs the hearts ability to efficiently pump blood and increases the risk of developing blood clots which can cause a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke. Atrial flutter (AFL) is similar to atrial fibrillation in that it is characterised by a rapid heartbeat, sometimes up to 4 times faster than normal that originates in the atria. It differs from atrial fibrillation (AF) in that the heartbeat is regular, not irregular. Atrial flutter also carries the risk of developing blood clots, though not as great as with AF. With atrial flutter, the electrical signal becomes trapped in the right atrium. It repeatedly travels in a circular pattern inside the right atrium, only occasionally escaping through the AV node to the ventricles. This causes your atria to beat faster than the ventricles of your heart, at rates between 150 and 450 beats each minute. Atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is the second most common SVT. In a normal heart, there is a single electrical pathway, or gate, called an atrioventricular node (AV node) that controls the timing and direction of the electrical signal as it travels from the upper chambers (atria) to the lower chambers (ventricles) of the heart. With AVNRT, an extra electrical pathway forms which allows the electrical signal to travel backward through the gate (AV Node) at the same time, starting another heartbeat. During AVNRT the electrical signals continuously go around the 2 pathways in a circular pattern called re-entry. This can lead to a very fast heart rate of 160 to 220 beats per minute. Atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia (AVRT) is similar to AVNRT in that an extra electrical pathway is formed that allows the electrical signal to travel backward from the ventricles to the atria. However, in AVRT the extra pathway circumvents the AV node, or gate. This extra pathway around the outside of the AV node is called an accessory pathway. Ventricular Tachycardia (VT) is a rapid heart rate (160 to 240 beats per minute) that originates in the ventricles. It may cause the heart to become unable to pump adequate blood throughout the body. VT most often occurs in patients with underlying structural heart disease, such as ischemic heart disease. Figure 6Ventricular Fibrillation ECG Presentation Ventricular Fibrillation (VF) is a tachycardia which causes the ventricles to contract in an irregular and very rapid manner. The heart immediately loses its ability to pump blood throughout the body. VF causes immediate loss of consciousness, and is invariably fatal within minutes unless it is stopped (usually by using a defibrillator.) AGE HEART RATE (BEATS/MIN) Infant 120-160 Toddler 90-140 Preschooler 80-110 School-age child 75-100 Adolescent 60-90 Adult 60-100 Table 6 Average Heart Rate Range by Age (Rested) Mr Jones has oxygen saturations of 75%. Please name the appropriate health terminology in relation to his oxygen saturations. Normal Range = Pulse oximetry is a non-invasive and continuous method of determining the oxygen saturation of haemoglobin (SpO2). Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) is usually measured with a pulse oximeter placed on the finger. SpO2 is normally 95% to 100%. If the level is below 90%, it is considered low, resulting in hypoxemia. Blood oxygen levels below 80% may compromise organ function, such as the heart and brain, and should be addressed promptly. Accurate SpO2 measurements may be difficult to obtain on patients who are hypothermic, receiving IV vasopressor therapy, or experiencing hypoperfusion and vasoconstriction. Figure 9 Pulse Oximeter Oxygen Saturation Levels Severity % Saturation None/Minimal 95-100% Mild 90-94% Moderate 80-89% Severe Table 7 Oxidation (SpO2) Levels Mr Jones has a RR of 6. Please name the appropriate health terminology in relation to his RR reading. Normal Range = Slow Breathing (Bradypnoea) A slow respiratory rate is usually significant at a rate of 8 or less per minute. Often this is an emergency and requires immediate therapy. Conditions causing bradypnoea are the ingestion of drugs (such as, alcohol, narcotics, sedative-hypnotics), increased intracranial pressure from trauma and haemorrhage (pressure on the respiratory centre), severe respiratory depression (that is, CO2 narcosis) and coma from any cause. It is seen in many pre-arrest and end-stage conditions. Treatment Assisted ventilation is often required with a bag-valve-mask (BVM). Endotracheal intubation is frequently necessary. AGE RATE (BREATHS/MIN) Newborn 35-40 Infant (6 months) 30-50 Toddler (2 years) 25-32 Child 20-30 Adolescent 16-20 Adult 12-20 Table 8 Respiration Rate Range by Age Mr Jones has a temperature of 39 C. Please name the appropriate health terminology in relation to his temperature reading. Normal Range = Measurement site Mouth / Armpit Ear / forehead Rectum Low temperature Consult a doctor Normal temperature 35.9 37.0 à ¢- ¦C 35.8 36.9 à ¢- ¦C 36.3 37.5 à ¢- ¦C You are perfectly well Increased temperature 37.1 37.5 à ¢- ¦C 37.0 37.5 à ¢- ¦C 37.6 38.0 à ¢- ¦C You should get some rest Light fever 37.6 38.0 à ¢- ¦C 37.6 38.0 à ¢- ¦C 38.1 38.5 à ¢- ¦C Check your temperature regularly and rest Moderate fever 38.1 38.5 à ¢- ¦C 38.1 38.5 à ¢- ¦C 38.6 39.0 à ¢- ¦C Check your temperature regularly. Consult a doctor if you get worse or if the fever lasts for more than three days High fever 38.6 39.5 à ¢- ¦C 38.6 39.4 à ¢- ¦C 39.1 39.9 à ¢- ¦C Consult a doctor, especially if the fever lasts for more than one day Very high fever 39.6 42.0 à ¢- ¦C 39.5 42.0 à ¢- ¦C 40.0 42.5 à ¢- ¦C Go to emergency ward of a hospital Table 9 Human Body Temperature Ranges Figure 12 Centigrade and Fahrenheit Representation of Temperature Ranges and Bodily Affection Please explain what the term dysphagia means in words that MR Jones can understand. Dysphagia is another term for a swallowing disorder. A person with dysphagia may experience difficulty swallowing food, liquid and/or their saliva. Some people may be incapable of swallowing at all. Dysphagia occurs when there is a problem with any part of the swallowing process, and often is the result of a stroke. People with dysphagia often have to eat food which is softened and/or mashed and consume liquids which are thickened. Figure 15 Fluid and Food for Dysphagic Persons Please describe hemiplegia as if you were explaining what this term meant to a family member of Mr Jones and how would this impact on taking his blood pressure? What is hemiplegia? Hemiplegia (sometimes called hemiparesis) is a condition that affects one side of the body. We talk about a right or left hemiplegia, depending on the side affected. It is caused by injury to parts of the brain that control movements of the limbs, chest, face, and so forth. This may happen before, during or soon after birth (up to two years of age approximately), when it is known as congenital hemiplegia (or unilateral cerebral palsy), or later in life as a result of injury or illness, in which case it is called acquired hemiplegia. Generally, injury to the left side of the brain will cause a right hemiplegia and injury to the right side a left hemiplegia. Hemiplegia is a condition which is lifelong and non-progressive, that is they do not get worse. How does hemiplegia occur? Acquired hemiplegia results from brain injury. The most common cause is a stroke (when a bleed or blood clot damages part of the brain), but it can also result from a head injury or infection. What are the effects of hemiplegia? It is difficult to generalise: hemiplegia affects each person differently. The most obvious result is a varying degree of weakness, stiffness (spasticity) and lack of control in the affected side of the body, rather like the effects of a stroke. In one person this may be very obvious (he or she may have little use of one hand, may limp or have poor balance); in another person it will be so slight that it only shows when attempting specific physical activities. What can be done to help? Hemiplegia cannot be cured, but a lot can be done to minimise its effects and help the individual achieve their potential. The person, once diagnosed, will probably be referred to a rehabilitation department of your local or regional hospital. Therapists, who work as part of a wider network of professionals including neurologists and orthopaedic and neurosurgeons, will work in partnership with you to develop his or her abilities. Understanding hemiplegia and knowing how you can help your loved one achieve his or her potential is vital. Your loved ones management will probably be based on a multidisciplinary approach, involving physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and possibly speech therapy where required. A physiotherapist and often an occupational therapist will work closely with each other and with partners or carers, to agree a programme of management with specific goals that are tailored to your loved ones development and needs. The aim will be to improve their participation in everyday activities e.g. social activities, feeding, dressing, and toileting. The therapists will work to develop their skills, assessing posture and providing muscle stretching, and possibly strengthening activities. This will help prevent possible secondary consequences of the condition such as pain or the development of weakened muscles. Goals could include improving function so that your loved one can grasp an object with the affected hand, or walk better. They should take into account the partner/ carers views, the time and effort involved in carrying out therapy activities, the impact on the patient and his/her family and how effective the activities might be. A therapy programme will probably include training partners/carers, and later the induvial him/herself, to carry out exercises or techniques which they should continue to use at home, e.g. during dressing or bathing, so that they become part of the individuals everyday life. The persons progress should be reviewed regularly to assess how well the therapy programme is working and consider whether there is a need for other treatments as well. These might include orthoses (devices, such as splints, fitted to the body to improve posture and/or function); medications or orthopaedic surgery. In general the person with hemiplegia should be treated as normally as possible. It is essential to involve the affected side in everyday activities, to make your loved one as two-sided as he or she can be. Are there other problems associated with hemiplegia? Yes, there may be. Because hemiplegia is caused by injury to the brain, it is not just motor pathways and motor development that may be affected. And despite the developing brains effort to relocate functions to undamaged areas, additional diagnoses may occur. Some of these are medical in nature, such as epilepsy, visual impairment or speech difficulties. Many people have less obvious additional challenges, such as perceptual problems, specific learning difficulties or emotional and behavioural problems. Each patient should be fully assessed and regularly monitored to identify if any of these associated problems are present. What does the future hold? In merely defining hemiplegia with its causes and effects we leave out perhaps the most important issue the shock of diagnosis and the fear of the unknown. When a person is first diagnosed, it is often difficult for a doctor to predict whether problems will be mild or severe later in life. He or she will often adopt a wait and see approach, which the patient and their supporters may find difficult to accept, since they may feel they are not being given all the facts. Understanding hemiplegia and knowing how you can help your loved one achieve his or her potential is vital. Make good use of the specialists dealing with your loved ones hemiplegia. Do ask them questions and make sure you understand their replies, if necessary asking them to repeat them using non- specialist terms. Support Life can be difficult for someone with hemiplegia who want to do the same things as they previously did. They tire more easily and the effort involved in simple tasks can be considerable. They need all the help and encouragement you can give them. And you need support in your turn ideally from others who understand how you feel and with whom you can also share ideas and information. You may find general support groups for disabled patients and their families in your own area your hospital or library should have information. And you may want to a national organisatio