Hannibal’s Crossing of the Alps Free Essays

Hannibal’s crossing of the Alps is one of history’s most remarkable military achievements even to this day. There are many accounts of the crossing of the Alps and what happened during those weeks and we can only speculate and use the sources and information that has lived through the decay of time. Our main primary sources that historians use to piece together the crossing of the Alps are by two of Rome’s most famous historians, Polybius and Livy. We will write a custom essay sample on Hannibal’s Crossing of the Alps or any similar topic only for you Order Now Polybius was a very rounded and mostly non-biased historian who got out of his way to travel to his locations to document facts and information which he used in his text and who lived during the time of the First and Second Punic Wars. On the other hand we have Livy who was a very pro-Roman historian who had documented his facts based on other historians who were before him as he lived almost 200 years after the Punic wars. When we compare the two accounts by both historians we tend to believe and rely more on the accounts made by Polybius as we know him as a reliable and fairly non-biased source whereas Livy was very biased towards Rome and based his information off of other historians. Although we see Polybius as the more reliable source, Livy does come up with some points that concern the crossing that are quite conflicting with the information presented to us by Polybius. By analysing both of these accounts we can get a better understanding of the crossing of Hannibal’s crossing of the Alps. Polybius who was a very reliable historian who we know lived around 200-118 BC during the time of the two Punic Wars provided a very detailed account of both Punic wars and Hannibal’s crossing of the Alps. Polybius is known for his determination to get actual factual evidence and firsthand knowledge of events that occurred. He resided in Rome for most of his life and occasionally undertaking long journeys throughout the Mediterranean to get knowledge on historical sites and interview primary sources who were actually at the events. Polybius’s works (The Histories) documents the events between 264 and 146 BC which mainly involved the rise of the Roman Empire and the effort in which they went to subdue their rival Carthage. Polybius documents the First and Second Punic wars with incredible detail and is our main source for the wars, although Livy also provides some very important facts and information. Titus Livius Patavinus (59 BC – AD 17) (more commonly known as Livy) we know as to be a very pro- Roman historian who can be seen as very biased towards the Romans and paints them in an honourable and almighty glow within his texts. Some of his texts we can see as just plain lies and so we are reluctant to solely use Livy’s information to base our research and understanding around. Livy wrote a complete history of Rome from its very foundations all the way up to the reign of Augustus in Livy’s own time but the only surviving work of his is the â€Å"History of Rome†. During the reign of Augustus Livy wrote his texts emphasizing the accomplishments and triumphs of Rome, and wrote everything with a pro-Roman view to promote a new type of government which was implemented by the emperor Augustus. With that being said a lot of Livy’s texts and accounts mislead to reader into taking a Roman view and often cut out pieces of information which would downgrade the view on Rome, and so we have come to rely more on Polybius’s accounts than Livy’s, although Livy does also provide many accounts and descriptions of events that are unavailable elsewhere and so his texts and reports are still highly valued is one of the main sources we have. Both Polybius’s and Livy’s accounts of Hannibal’s crossing of the Alps can be seen to have many similarities and so we can determine that the same source and information has been used. Although there are many similarities between the two there are also some differences which can be seen throughout both texts. For example when Hannibal is crossing the Alps and he soon finds his path blocked by a pile of rocks Livy states that he uses Vinegar and Fire to break through the rock. Polybius says nothing of the subject and up to this day there has been no evidence of rock that has been carbonized at the site in which Livy had stated. Livy’s accounts of the crossing were very much the same as Polybius’s although we can see in some parts of Livy’s work that his Roman bias has written the work for him. When Hannibal was making a speech to his men after their crossing of the Rhone Polybius wrote that Hannibal spoke of their past achievements and that the hardest part of their journey was already over, but according to Livy Hannibal told his men that they were going to be fighting against the most powerful and grandest city in the world. This was not the case in Hannibal’s time and so we can clearly see that Livy had just created a false fact and account just to paint Rome in a brighter light. Livy’s biased for Rome is something that constantly alters Livy’s accounts. Much of Hannibal’s ascent and crossing of the Alps documented by Polybius and Livy are very similar with only a few minor alterations in the accounts of some events which took place. The main reason why the accounts of some events are different is mainly because of Livy’s biased and attitude towards Rome which makes him document the account and alter it in such a way that it paints Rome in a sense of glory and success. Another main reason which dictates the differences of the accounts is that Polybius who lived during the time of these events could go to places and get a firsthand experience and knowledge of the event by interviewing the people involved and taking notes on the actual location whereas Livy who lived a long time after the crossing had to rely on other peoples accounts and could not get firsthand knowledge on a lot of the events. The crossing of the Alps is a fairly well documented event during the Second Punic war and one that is the most remarkable. Polybius and Livy both have very detailed accounts of the crossing and we rely on this information to piece together Hannibal’s crossing of the Alps. Although some of the facts of the crossing remain disputed and unknown we have sufficient information between both sources to have a good understanding of the crossing. Both historians give a lot of information on the crossing although we tend to use Polybius’s account as it is more reliable and he had firsthand experience and knowledge whereas we know Livy to be a very pro-Roman and did not live during the event but many years later. Both accounts of the crossing have proved to be very useful for our understanding of Hannibal’s crossing of the Alps. How to cite Hannibal’s Crossing of the Alps, Essay examples

Galaxies Essay Research Paper When you look free essay sample

Galaxies Essay, Research Paper When you look at a distant galaxy, you are non merely seeing into infinite, but far into the yesteryear as good. The visible radiation from one of the galaxies we see today really started its journey toward Earth more than two? million old ages ago. The find of galaxies [ 1 ] began in the early 1400? s by Polish uranologists and continues to be studied today. Knowing as we do today that the existence is conformable to probe, and that telescopes can analyze 1000000s of galaxies at distances of 1000000s of visible radiation? old ages. [ 2 ] Though they shine with visible radiation of many one million millions of Suns, most galaxies are so distant that they look weak. There are merely three galaxies seeable to the bare oculus from the surface of the Earth. These are the two Magellanic Clouds, which lie in the southern skies and the Andromeda Galaxy, whose tenuous freshness was competently described by a seventeenth? century perceiver. The signifier and assortment of galaxies differ in size and mass. Normal galaxies or, often-called coiling galaxies are largely big. The general anatomy can be described in three ways: a cardinal part or egg-shaped ( based on the form and centered upon the karyon ) , and a spherical aureole or aura, composed chiefly of old midget stars [ 3 ] and a ball-shaped bunch [ 4 ] . Coiling galaxies are likely formed from elephantine clouds of quickly whirling H gases. Some of the gases pulled to the centre by gravitation and condensed into stars. The revolving disc of gases and stars form weaponries [ 5 ] and that is what gives the galaxy its coiling form. Egg-shaped galaxies far outnumber the coiling galaxies. An egg-shaped galaxy looks like a squashed ball. The Centaurus A [ 6 ] is an egg-shaped galaxy. It is one of the brightest and largest galaxies known, with three times as many stars as our galaxy. Scientist think that the centre of this galaxy is sing elephantine detonations of million of stars hurtling out clouds of hot gas. The cardinal part is hidden by a dark set made of dust and gas. Our Sun and its planets lie in the environments of the Milky Way Galaxy. The Milky Way is formed by one million millions of stars. It is something that resembles a way or river consequence due to the fact that like any other normal coiling galaxies it is flattened in signifier. The visible radiation of The Milky Way is more intense in one way, toward the configuration [ 7 ] Sagittarius in the southern skies of Earth. Dark rifts meander through the Milky Way. We now know that dark cloud of dust and gas that blocks the visible radiation from the stars that lie beyond them. The construction of the Milky Way is a planate disc that we know now to be the disc of our galaxy. Its visual aspect from our vantage point is that of a wide river of light stretching across the sky and glowing with the combined visible radiations of countless stars. The Milky Way lies toward the centre of our galaxy. Our Sun is more than halfway of our galaxy, so the richest star Fieldss from our vantage points are those we see when we look back towards the centre. The Local Group is the nearest galaxies to us. They are called the Magellanic Clouds. They are called Magellanic by virtuousness of them holding been introduced to the western civilisation by the crew of Ferdinand Magellan. Their find made it possible to set up the clouds that were excessively distant to be portion of our galaxy. The big Magellanic Cloud is about 150,000 light old ages, the little Magellanic Cloud is about 250,000 light old ages from the Sun. Less than 100,00 light old ages separate, the two clouds. The orbit of the Magellanic Clouds lie good within the gravitative field of our galaxy and orbits it as orbiters. This agreement of little galaxies playing tribunal to big one is common in the existence. The coiling like the Milky Way plays host of several orbiters. The orbit of the Magellanic Clouds are larger than others. The big cloud have about 15 billion stars and the little has approximately five billion. The orbits of the Magellanic Cloud are marked by an tremendous river of cold H gases, the Magellanic Stream. [ 8 ] The Andromeda galaxy and the Milky Way constitute an illustration of one of nature most grandiose creative activity, that is a brace of coiling galaxies. The Andromeda is the largest of the brace and has about twice the mass of the Milky Way. They rotate in complementary ( one clockwise and the other is revolving counterclockwise ) waies. This features of their relationship, found in many other braces of spirals lends support to the hypothesis that the two galaxies formed at or around the same clip. Similarities between the two galaxies are abundant. Both are at a cardinal part composed largely of old stars and expansive level disc populated by 10s of one million millions of stars of widely assorted ages and chemical composings cause dust? loaded spiral weaponries. Each galaxy is attended by two outstanding orbiter galaxies plus less outstanding orbiters. The plane of each galaxy is inclined to the other at about the same angle. With the finds that are made each twenty-four hours, this will convey us closer to cognize more about our great, cryptic galaxy. The future holds many replies to ours inquiry about our galaxy. How many galaxies are out at that place? Scientist suggest there are more than five one million millions galaxies. Possibly there are other existences out at that place, possibly even different life # 8211 ; signifiers. The finds in our existence will neer halt. Galaxies Any of legion big? scale sums of stars, gas, and dust that constitute the existence incorporating an norm of 100 billion solar multitudes and runing in diameter from 1500 to 300,00 light old ages. Light Old ages The distance that light travels in a vacuity in one twelvemonth, about 9.46 trillion kilometres or 5.88 trillion stat mis. Dwarf Stars A star, such as the Sun, holding comparatively low mass, little size and norm or below mean brightness. Ball-shaped Cluster a system of star by and large smaller in size than a galaxy, that is more or less ball-shaped in conformation Weaponries The revolving disc of gas that gives the galaxy its coiling form Centaurus A A configuration in the Southern Hemisphere Configuration A orbitrary formation of stars perceived as a figure or design particularly one of the 88 recognized groups named after characters from classical mythology and assorted common animate beings and objects. Magellanic Stream Orbit of the Magellanic Clouds that are marked by an tremendous river of cold H gas.

The Harlem Renaissance and Langston Hughes Essay Example For Students

The Harlem Renaissance and Langston Hughes Essay The Harlem Renaissance and Langston HughesThe Harlem Renaissance was a great and powerful era in black history, It was an African American cultural movement of the 1920s and early 1930s that was centered in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City (Harlem Renaissance). Langston Hughes wrote Blues and Jazz flourished throughout the streets of New York, and young black artists began to arise . . . (63). An important part of this era had to be the inspirational writings of Langston Hughes. James Mercer Langston Hughes, born in Joplin, Missouri, February 1, 1902, was raised by his grandmother after his parents divorced (Sporre 551). He graduated from high school in Cleveland, Ohio and went off to Mexico to live with his father for fifteen months (Jackson 1). While in Mexico, Hughes lived a very rural life and wrote many of his first poems which, although never published, began to distinguish him as a writer. Hughes attended Columbia University for one year, then returned to home for a sh ort period in 1923 before he joined the crew of the SS Malone bound for Africa (A Salute to Hughes). From there he visited many places including Paris, Venice and Genoa before once again returning to America to live in Harlem, New York, in November 1924 (Andrews 65-69). While working in Washington D.C. as a busboy, Hughes left three of his poems beside the plate of Vachel Lindsey, an American poet, who liked Hughes poetry and helped him publicize his writings (Jackson 3). Hughes first book of poetry, The Weary Blues, was published by Alfred A. Knopf in 1926 (Langston Hughes). He was a great writer who completed a two volume autobiography, and edited many anthologies and pictorial volumes. Hughes dazzled writing for forty years and never gave up protesting for the rights of African Americans. He gave many motivational speeches across the nation supporting the black movement. Hughes continued his career publishing many books of poetry and prose. Langston Hughes went on to inspire the world through his literature until his death in Harlem on May 22, 1967 (Sporre 551). We will write a custom essay on The Harlem Renaissance and Langston Hughes specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Living in Harlem, he soon discovered the culture and literary circle of the Harlem Renaissance. As best said in the Norton Anthology of African American Literature, Hughes brought the spirit of the African American people to life, using blues and jazz as the basis of his poetic expressions . . . (Andrews 1252). This is evident in some works such as The Negro Speaks of Rivers, and The Weary Blues. Most of his influences came from fellow black writers. Names such as, Dubois, Locke, Jesse Redmonfaset, Jean Toomer, Arna Bontemps, and Carl Van Vechten, inspired Hughes in his form and writing style (Andrews 929-930). His poems often portrayed the trials, tribulations, struggles and thoughts of a young Negro growing up in the twenties through sixties. His main goal was to express concern about the treatment of African Americans in this country, and to pursue civil and social justice. One of his most famous works is his continuing sage of Jesse B. Semple, also known as Simple. Hughes wrote c olumns about this fictional character, who dealt with very non-fictional problems. Jesse, who was really Hughes voice, expressed the views and ideas of young black Americans (Andrews 1252-1253). Creating Simple to be smart, strong witted and wise, allowed Hughes to publish and undermine the standard of our pretentious society, while ironically and humorously pointing out the hypocritical nature of American Racism (Andrews 1257-1263). Hughes went on writing four series of writings about Simple. Hughes used a variety of themes in both his poetry and his prose. Nathan Irvin Huggins wrote His voice was very moving when he read his poems publicly. His voice was both rich and poetic and gave strong inspiration and love to the black community (Andrews 1253). One work of his is particularly interesting. It shows the emotion and creativeness of the Harlem Renaissance in a few short lines. Hughes named this poem Cross. .uf3a6414ee009119988d0545b33b4a2c5 , .uf3a6414ee009119988d0545b33b4a2c5 .postImageUrl , .uf3a6414ee009119988d0545b33b4a2c5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf3a6414ee009119988d0545b33b4a2c5 , .uf3a6414ee009119988d0545b33b4a2c5:hover , .uf3a6414ee009119988d0545b33b4a2c5:visited , .uf3a6414ee009119988d0545b33b4a2c5:active { border:0!important; } .uf3a6414ee009119988d0545b33b4a2c5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf3a6414ee009119988d0545b33b4a2c5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf3a6414ee009119988d0545b33b4a2c5:active , .uf3a6414ee009119988d0545b33b4a2c5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf3a6414ee009119988d0545b33b4a2c5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf3a6414ee009119988d0545b33b4a2c5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf3a6414ee009119988d0545b33b4a2c5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf3a6414ee009119988d0545b33b4a2c5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf3a6414ee009119988d0545b33b4a2c5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf3a6414ee009119988d0545b33b4a2c5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf3a6414ee009119988d0545b33b4a2c5 .uf3a6414ee009119988d0545b33b4a2c5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf3a6414ee009119988d0545b33b4a2c5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Macbeth Essay PaperIf ever I cursed my black old motherMy old man died in a fine big house. Being neither white nor black? (Andrews 1254). This poem explores the emotions and troubles of a young man born into a world of confusion. Confused by his heritage but arrogant in his pride. He is growing up in the whirl of a white society, and cannot decide whether he is white or black. Hughes, using a black mother and white father, makes it easy for the reader to understand and almost foresee where this poem is going. It is evident that there is an inner sense of not belonging. He fells remorse for all the curses and bad wishes he said to his parents, now that they have died. This all part of a bigger problem. Now that his parents are both deceased, he has no one turn to. He cant seem to figure out whether he is going to die in riches, or rags. This is the great dilemma Hughes presents to the reader, leaving them in query to this unanswerable question. He cannot seem to find any truth in himself whatsoever. Huggins had this to say of the poem, This child is and forever will be lost in his own identity. Hughes uses this boys str uggle symbolically, not to show the pressures of a crossed child, but rather to show how we as a society stereotype the races (102-103). The white father dying in a fine house, whereas the mother dies in a shack, depicts the common view of the white race as being a more upscale and richer society, and the black culture oppressed in poverty and forever bound to the slums of the world. These questions and emotion are what made the Harlem Renaissance such an important movement for black America. For the first time in history, critics started taking a serious look at African American literature, and African American literature and arts attracted significant attention from the nation at large. This was what distinguished Hughes as a writer, a playwright and an activist. The Harlem Renaissance combined many great writers. Andrew P. Jackson wrote Langston Hughes, in my opinion, may be considered the most powerful among the many . . . some said it was his voice, others said it was his love for the Negro, but its clear that it was his ability to enhance our love of humanity (2). Bibliography:Works CitedA Salute to Hughes. Smithsonian Institution. 1997 Smithsonian Institution. 20 Nov 2000. . Andrews, William, et al. The Norton Anthology of African American Literature. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1997. Harlem Renaissance. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2000.1997-2000 Microsoft Corporation. 19 Nov 2000. . Huggins, Nathan Irvin. Harlem Renaissance. New York: Oxford UP, 1973. Hughes, Langston. I Wonder As I Wander: An Autobiographical Journey. New York: Hill and Wang, 1956. Hughes, Langston. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2000.1997-2000 Microsoft Corporation. 20 Nov 2000. . Jackson, Andrew P. James Langston Hughes. ?1993-1998 Red Hot Jazz Inc. 22 Nov 2000. . Sporre, Dennis J. The Creative Impulse: An Introduction to the Arts. Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall, 2000.

How to Celebrate Even the Biggest Mistakes!

How to Celebrate Even the Biggest Mistakes! Big Mistakes in Big Companies In a famous 2010 tale, Zappos’ CEO Tony Hsieh chose not to fire an employee who had made a $1.6 million mistake. In another story, a CEO actually thanked the IT guy who caused the company’s site to go down (causing a loss of thousands of dollars per hour) for uncovering a systematic weakness that needed to be fixed. See Top 5 Reasons to Celebrate Mistakes at Work. My Blog Mistake I did not know these anecdotes until I sat down to write this blog about mistakes. Last week, as many of you are aware, I wrote a draft of my blog and sent it to my assistant with a request that she come up with an appropriate title for the article. She offered six suggestions, with her top pick being â€Å"3 Trends Effecting LinkedIn That You Need to Know.† I wrote back the following: I chose #3 [3 Ways LinkedIn Times are a Changin’] and updated the title on WordPress. Note it would be Affecting not Effecting!! The next thing I knew, the blog had gone out to my e-list with the original subject line, the word â€Å"Effecting† intact. Oops. The emails rolled in: I noticed a spelling mistake in your subject title. It should read 3 Trends Affecting LinkedIn†¦. I see this error a lot, but thought you might want to make a note of it. It should be 3 trends AFFECTING Did you use effecting rather than affecting on purpose? Living â€Å"Above the Line† My first response was â€Å"This is bad.† I mean, here I was, a writer and editor, making an error that I’ve actually blogged about in the past! See Top 7 Grammatical and Spelling Errors of 2012. But as I aim to do in my life, I looked at where the opportunity was in the face of this breakdown. I’ve taken plenty of personal growth courses where we are coached to say things like â€Å"Yay! I made a mistake!† So how could I, dare I say, celebrate this initially embarrassing mistake in my blog title? I issued a correction as soon as possible, thanking my readers for their eagle eyes and explaining what had happened. I did my best to convey an understanding that mistakes happen, and that I probably need another round of editorial proofing before sending out my blog. One message from a reader confirmed I had done the right thing: Love the graceful save you did on this you got it goin on, as they say, girl. Always a fan. When I can ever get a moment I want to work with you to update my LI profile! In the grand scheme of things, this was a small mistake. While I feared I might lose clients over it, since people count on me to know English grammar and spelling, I hope my correction set the record straight. No one was injured or taken advantage of as a result of this mistake. Celebrating Mistakes! Mistakes are the way we learn most in life. Looking back, I can see that my mistake last week was a testament to my ability to trust another person to do work for me! It would not have happened if I had not expanded my business to the point where I need an assistant. The mistake also showed me that many of my readers care and are paying attention. And I was given the opportunity to â€Å"play above the line,† issuing a correction that was gracious and non-blaming. I got to show my commitment to quality, and that I was unwilling to let something like this error go unaddressed! I recently spoke with someone who told me about a $250K mistake she once made at work. When she went to her boss expecting to be fired, she had another thing coming. He appreciated her honesty and let the monetary loss roll off his back. As he said, he could always make another $250K, but he would not be able to get her back. That’s how I feel about what happened with my assistant. I wouldn’t let this one mistake color my undying appreciation of what she does for me and how responsible she is when she does make a mistake! In fact, in the midst of writing this blog, I took a break to apologize to her for my initial â€Å"This is bad† response. I have a lot to learn about celebrating my own mistakes and the mistakes of the people around me. And I’d love to hear what you have learned in your life! How have you celebrated mistakes? How could you or someone around you have done better in their response to a mistake? I look forward to hearing what you have to share!

Battle of Eutaw Springs in the American Revolution

Battle of Eutaw Springs in the American Revolution The Battle of Eutaw Springs was fought September 8, 1781, during the American Revolution (1775-1783). Armies Commanders Americans Major General Nathanael Greene2,200 men British Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Stewart2,000 men Background Having won a bloody victory over American forces at the Battle of Guilford Court House on March 1781, Lieutenant General Lord Charles Cornwallis elected to turn east for Wilmington, NC as his army was short on supplies. Assessing the strategic situation, Cornwallis later decided to march north into Virginia as he believed the Carolinas could only be pacified after subjugating the more northern colony. Pursuing Cornwallis part of the way to Wilmington, Major General Nathanael Greene turned south on April 8 and moved back into South Carolina. Cornwallis was willing to let the American army go as he believed that Lord Francis Rawdons forces in South Carolina and Georgia were sufficient to contain Greene. Though Rawdon possessed around 8,000 men, they were scattered in small garrisons throughout the two colonies. Advancing into South Carolina, Greene sought to eliminate these posts and reassert American control over the backcountry. Working in conjunction with independent commanders such as Brigadier Generals Francis Marion and Thomas Sumter, American troops began capturing several minor garrisons. Though beaten by Rawdon at Hobkirks Hill on April 25, Green continued his operations. Moving to attack the British base at Ninety-Six, he laid siege on May 22. In early June, Greene learned that Rawdon was approaching from Charleston with reinforcements. After an assault on Ninety-Six failed, he was compelled to abandon the siege. The Armies Meet Though Greene had been forced to retreat, Rawdon elected to abandon Ninety-Six as part of a general withdrawal from the backcountry. As the summer progressed, both sides wilted in the regions hot weather. Suffering from ill-health, Rawdon departed in July and turned command over to Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Stewart. Captured at sea, Rawdon was an unwilling witness during the Battle of the Chesapeake in September. In the wake of the failure at Ninety-Six, Greene moved his men to the cooler High Hills of Santee where he remained for six weeks. Advancing from Charleston with around 2,000 men, Stewart established a camp at Eutaw Springs approximately fifty miles northwest of the city. Resuming operations on August 22, Greene moved to Camden before turning south and advancing on Eutaw Springs. Short on food, Stewart had begun sending out foraging parties from his camp. Around 8:00 AM on September 8, one of these parties, led by Captain John Coffin, encountered an American scouting force overseen by Major John Armstrong. Retreating, Armstrong led Coffins men into an ambush where Lieutenant Colonel Light-Horse Harry Lees men captured around forty of the British troops. Advancing, the Americans also captured a large number of Stewarts foragers. As Greenes army approached Stewarts position, the British commander, now alerted to the threat, began forming his men to the west of the camp. A Back and Forth Fight Deploying his forces, Greene used a formation similar to his earlier battles. Placing his North and South Carolina militia in the front line, he supported them with Brigadier General Jethro Sumners North Carolina Continentals. Sumners command was further reinforced by Continental units from Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware. The infantry was supplemented by units of cavalry and dragoons led by Lee and Lieutenant Colonels William Washington and Wade Hampton. As Greenes 2,200 men approached, Stewart directed his men to advance and attack. Standing their ground, the militia fought well and exchanged several volleys with the British regulars before yielding under a bayonet charge. As the militia began to retreat, Greene ordered Sumners men forward. Halting the British advance, they too began to waver as Stewarts men charged forward. Committing his veteran Maryland and Virginia Continentals, Greene stopped the British and soon began counterattacking. Driving the British back, the Americans were on the verge of victory when they reached the British camp. Entering the area, they elected to stop and pillage the British tents rather than continue the pursuit. As the fighting was raging, Major John Marjoribanks succeeded in turning back an American cavalry attack on the British right and captured Washington. With Greenes men preoccupied with looting, Marjoribanks shifted his men to a brick mansion just beyond the British camp. From the protection of this structure, they opened fire on the distracted Americans. Though Greenes men organized an assault on the house, they failed to carry it. Rallying his troops around the structure, Stewart counterattacked. With his forces disorganized, Greene was compelled to organize a rearguard and fall back. Retreating in good order, the Americans withdrew a short distance to the west. Remaining in the area, Greene intended to renew the fighting the next day, but wet weather prevented this. As a result, he elected to depart the vicinity. Though he held the field, Stewart believed his position was too exposed and began withdrawing to Charleston with American forces harassing his rear. Aftermath In the fighting at Eutaw Springs, Greene suffered 138 killed, 375 wounded, and 41 missing. British losses numbered 85 killed, 351 wounded, and 257 captured/missing. When members of the captured foraging party are added, the number of British captured totals around 500. Though he had won a tactical victory, Stewarts decision to withdraw to the safety of Charleston proved a strategic victory for Greene. The last major battle in the South, the aftermath of Eutaw Springs saw the British focus on maintaining enclaves on the coast while effectively surrendering the interior to American forces. While skirmishing continued, the focus of major operations shifted to Virginia where Franco-American forces won the key Battle of Yorktown the following month.

Social work paper on Walmart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social work paper on Walmart - Essay Example This paper discusses the positive and negative aspects of having a Wal-Mart store in your neighborhood. Wal-Mart become the largest firm the world by utilizing a business strategy that emphasis in supply chain superiority that translated in the firm being able to offer its customer a greater product variety and lower prices. The people in the community benefit as consumer of Wal-Mart because the company provides them savings in essential items for their family such as clothes, food, medicine and household merchandise. In small rural towns a Wal-Mart establishment provides a great advantage for the consumers because in these regions the amount of business activity and alternative buying options are limited, thus having a place where the consumer can purchase everything they need in the same store is tremendous. The families obtain transportation cost savings, a higher supply of products, and save time by choosing the Wal-Mart alternative. The presence of a Wal-Mart has a great impact in the community. These establishments create lots of jobs for people of all ages. These establishments occupy large physical facilities that generate high property taxes and million of dollars of annual sales which boost the tax collections of the towns and cities. The problem with Wal-Mart is that they hurt the retail activity of other business in the community which can not offer the same prices or product variety. The job creation a Wal-Mart offers for a community is offset by the job losses due the closure of small business as a consequence of Wal-Mart moving into the neighborhood. A study perform between 1977-1998 found that for every 100 jobs Wal-Mart creates, 50 retail jobs and 20 wholesale jobs are lost (Renkow, 2005). To add to the problem the community are downgrading the quality of the job creation since most of Wal-Mart job offering is for part-time workers. The

The Spectrochemical Series Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Spectrochemical Series - Lab Report Example Also ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), 16.00 g was dissolved in concentrated aqueous ammonia (NH4OH), 16 m ,there was formation of white suspension as a result of this. The dissolving process was done in separate beakers. The 2 solutions were then mixed in a casserole. These led to the formation of an orange solution. Following this, there was small increment addition of 4 ml of 30% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into this solution; this resulted to the formation of black solution with fizzing of oxygen gas. Lastly, the solution changed to maroon. The solution was heated on a steam bath until thick slurry was obtained; it was then put in an ice bath to cool. The rinsing of the solution was carried using 3 M hydrochloric acid (65 ml) in a 200 ml beaker and heated 10 minutes at 60?C. The solution was placed on an ice bath to cool and it was later filtered under a vacuum and the resulting precipitate was washed with acetone and cold water (iced). As a result of this there was formation of a pink pre cipitate. Week 2: There was addition of 2 M aqueous ammonia (NH4OH) (200 ml) in a beaker with the solid then heated to 50-60?C. this resulted to the formation of a cherry red solution. Then later, there was addition of concentrated hydrochloric acid (65 ml) to the solution. This resulted to the formation of white fumes. This solution was then heated for 10 min. ... Then later the precipitate was put at 110 ?C in an oven for 1 hour. Lastly, the solid mass was obtained using an electronic balance. Results and Discussion: Complex Formula of complex Color of solution Absorbance peak (nm) Splitting energy (J) A [Co(NH3)5Cl]2+ Pink 530.76 374519E-19 B [Co(NH3)6]3+ Orange 474.86 4.18228E-19 C [Co(NH3)5F]2+ (Not Given) 500-515 3.9756E-19 - 3.85981E-19 D [Co(NH3)5Br]2+ Purple 548.24 3.62578E-19 E [Co(NH3)5H2O]3+ Light red/orange 497.04 3.9994E-19 Table 1: Shows formulae of the complex, Solution Color, peak absorbance, and the splitting energy Of the 5 cobalt complexes employed in the experiment. Calculations (sample B): ?E = hc/? ? E = (6.626x10-34Js)(3x108m/s)/(474.86x10-9m) ? E = 4.18228E-19J Overall Reaction: 2CoCl2.6H2O +10NH4OH +2NH4Cl +H2O2 +3Cl- Â  ? 2[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 + 24H2O + NH3Â   Re-crystallized solid Mass = solid mass + vial mass) – vial mass =15.76 – 13.25 = 2.51 g Reactions: CoCl2Â ·6H2O ? [Co(H2O)6]2+ + 2 Cl- [Co(H2O)6]2+ (aq) + 2NH3(aq) ? [Co(OH)2(H2O)4](s) + 2NH4+(aq) [Co(OH)2(H2O)4](s) + 5NH3(aq)? [Co(NH3)5]2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) + 2OH?(aq) [Co(NH3)5]2+(aq)+ ? H2O2? [Co(NH3)5]3+ + OH- (aq) [Co(NH3)5]3+ + 3Cl- ?[Co(NH3)5Cl]2+ + 2Cl- ?[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 Mol of CoCl2.6H2O = mass/molar mass = 5.00/238 = 0.021008 mol CoCl2.6H2O : [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 = 2 : 2 = 1 : 1 Mol of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 = 0.021008 mol Mass of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 = 0.021008 X 250.5 = 5.26 g % yield = (actual yield / theoretical yield) X 100 = (2.51 / 5.26) X 100 = 47.71 % This experiment was able to determine the identity of each of these five cobalt complexes. Basing on the table information provided, the Cobalt complexes can be determined easily by arranging them according to wavelength from smallest to the largest: D < A < C < E < B This arrangement corresponds